Biochemistry

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Biochemistry

• The Chemistry of Living Organisms

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Carbon

• Nonmetal with 4 e- in the outer orbital
• must share with other nonmetals to achieve 8 e-
  in the outer shell
• may share with up to 4 other atoms
• chains or rings
• act as a skeleton for the molecules found in the
  organic molecules carbohydrates, lipids,
  proteins, and nucleic acids

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Carbon
6 p 6 n
C
6
12
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Organic Molecules

• ALL contain Carbon
• Monomers basic units (1 unit)
• Polymers 2 or more monomers linked together to
  form larger organic molecules

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Formation and Break Down of Organic Molecules

• Condensation involves the joining of individual
  monomers to form polymers
• Hydrolysis involves the breakdown of polymers

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The Big 4

• For each group know the following
• name
• basic units
• elements ratio
• importance
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids
• Proteins

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Carbohydrates

• Basic units (monomers) are monosaccharides
  (simple sugars)
• made of C, H, O
• molecular formulas are some multiple of CH2O
• ex glucose C6H12O6
• Names end -ose glucose, fructose
• Disaccharide 2 monosaccharides (sucrose
  lactose)

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Glucose is a Monosaccharide
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-

• Polysaccharides are macromolecules with a few
  hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides (ex
  starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin)

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Functions of Carbohydrates

• First molecules used for fuel during cellular
  respiration
• Major part of caloric intake
• 60 - 80 of a balanced diet
• 4.5 Kcal/gm
• Structural building blocks of organisms
• Cellulose, chitin, connective tissue
• Cell markers
• Can be changed into other forms
• Fats, amino acids, etc.
• Dieters!

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Lipids

• Basic units (monomers) are glycerol fatty acids
• Made of C, H, O (ratio is greater than 2 to 1)
• Simple structure
• 1 glycerol 3 fatty acids
• Hydrophobic
• Little or no affinity for water

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Examples of Lipids

• Fats are solid at room temperature
• Animal fats
• Saturated
• Lard, grease, butter
• Oils are liquid at room temperature
• Plant fish fats
• Unsaturated
• Corn oil, olive oil, cod liver oil, canola oil

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Lipid Examples

• Phospholipids are part of cell membrane
• Waxes
• Carotenes are vitamins, light capture
• Steroids include cholesterol, sex hormones

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Glycerol
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
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Functions of Lipids

• Important food E storage (9kcal/gm)
• Structural parts of cells (cell membranes lipid
  bi-layer)
• Provide insulation and protection

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Nucleic Acids

• Basic units are nucleotides
• Nucleotide structure
• phosphate
• 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
• nitrogen containing base (adenine, thymine,
  cytosine, guanine)
• Ex DNA, RNA, ATP
• Important uses includes energy storage, genetic
  material

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Proteins

• Basic units are amino acids (20)
• Amino acid structure
• amino group - NH2
• carboxyl group - COOH
• R rest of the molecule
• a peptide bond joins 2 amino acid strands
  together
• a protein is one or more polypeptides joined
  together

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Importance of Proteins

• Chief structural material of the cell
• Can be converted to form fats or carbohydrates
• Antibodies
• Function as enzymes, regulating all cellular
  activities of life (lab)

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Protein Shape
Primary
Secondary

• A specific protein is determined by the order of
  amino acid strand
• This determines the shape of the protein. (super
  important!)

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Protein Shape Continued
Tertiary
Quaternary
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Enzymes

• Proteins that speed up the rates of chemical
  reactions (catalysts) by lowering the activation
  energy of the rxn
• Models of enzyme action
• lock and key
• induced fit
• -ase endings

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Enzymes in Action
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Catalase lab

• Catalase is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen
  peroxide into harmless products.
• Substrate H2O2
• Products H2O O2
• Pre- Lab write up due before lab (Introduction,
  Purpose, Materials, Procedure, Data)