Chapter 1: What Nourishes You

1
Chapter 1 What Nourishes You?
2
What is nutrition?
3
What does nutrition mean to you?
4
Nutrition is

• the science of food, the nutrients and the
  substances therein, their action, interaction,
  and balance in relation to health and disease,
  and the process by which the organism ingests,
  absorbs, transports, utilizes, and excretes food
  substances----The Council on Food and Nutrition
  of the American Medical Association

5
Nutrients Come from Food

• Provide energy
• Provide building blocks
• Maintain body cells
• Essential

6
Nutrition and Health

• Poor diet and sedentary lifestyle
• Risk factors for chronic diseases
• Disease of the heart (29 of all deaths)
• Cancer (22)
• Cerebrovascular disease (7)
• Diabetes (3)
• Accounts for 2/3 of all death

7
Prevention

• Adequate nutrition
• Excess nutrition and obesity
• Affliction of affluence
• Inactivity
• Many diseases are preventable
• Its your choice

8
The Six Classes of Nutrients

• Carbohydrates
• Fats
• Proteins
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Water

9
Carbohydrates

• Composed of C, H, O
• Provide a major source of fuel for the body
• Basic unit is glucose
• Simple and Complex CHO
• Energy yielding (4 kcal /gm)

10
Lipids

• Composed of C, H and few O
• Basic unit is fatty acid
• Triglyceride is the major form of lipid
• Fats and oils
• Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
• Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
• Saturated Fatty Acids
• Essential Fatty Acids
• Energy yielding (9 kcal /gm)

11
Proteins

• Composed of C, O, H, N
• Basic unit is amino acid
• Make up bones, muscles, other tissues
• (9) Essential amino acid
• (11) Nonessential amino acid
• Energy yielding (4 kcal /gm)

12
Vitamins

• Composed of various elements
• Vital to life
• Needed in tiny amounts
• Cooking loss
• Fat soluble
• Water soluble
• Yields no energy

13
Minerals

• Inorganic substances
• Needed in tiny amounts
• Not destroyed in cooking
• Trace minerals
• Major minerals
• Yields no energy

14
Water

• Composed of H, O
• Vital to life
• Is a solvent, lubricant, medium for transport,
  chemical processes, and temperature regulator
• Makes up majority of our body
• Yields no energy

15
Are You What You Eat?

• Nutrient composition of the body differs from
  that of food
• Food provides nutrients for the body to function
• Nutrients affect your health

16
Transformation of Energy

• To build new compounds
• For muscular movements
• For nerve transmissions
• For ion balance

17
What is a Calorie?

• A measurement of energy
• the amount of heat it takes to raise the
  temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree
  Celsius

18

• Food is measured in kilocalories (kcal)
• Calories on the nutrition label are in kcal

19
Energy Yielding Nutrients

• CHO 4 kcal/gm
• Protein 4 kcal/gm
• Fat 9 kcal/gm
• (Alcohol 7 kcal/gm)
• Adjusted for digestibility
• Accounts for substances (in food) not available
  for energy use

20
Sample Calculation of a Nutrition Label

• Per serving
• CHO 15g x 4 kcal/g 60 kcal
• PRO 3g x 4 kcal/g 12 kcal
• FAT 1g x 9 kcal/g 9 kcal
• TOTAL 81 kcal, rounded down to 80

21
Calculation of Contribution to Total kcals

• Assume one days intake is 1980 kcal
• 290 gm of CHO (x 4 kcal/gm)
• 60 gm of fat (x 9 kcal/gm)
• 70 gm of protein (x 4 kcal/gm)
• of kcal as CHO (290 x 4)/1980 0.59 or 59
• of kcal as Fat (60 x 9)/1980 0.27 or 27
• of kcal as PRO (70 x 4)/1980 0.14 or 14

22
Content Review

• What is nutrition?
• What are the three general functions of
  nutrients?
• What are the six vital nutrients?
• What are the energy yielding nutrients?

23
History of Nutrition

• It is a combination of physiology, chemistry, and
  medicine
• Nutrient can treat conditions
• Nutritional deficiencies and diseases
• Identification of vitamins and 45 essential
  nutrients

24
The Typical North American Diet

• 16 of kcals as proteins
• 66 from animal sources
• 50 of kcals as CHO
• 50 from simple sugars
• 33 of kcals as fat
• 60 from animal fats
• Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)

25
Data Collection

• Surveys
• Continuing Survey or Food Intake by Individuals
  (CSFII)
• National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  (NHANES)

26
Influences of Food Choices
27
Improving Our Diets

• Lower Saturated fats and cholesterol intake
• Include a variety of foods
• Not to overindulge
• Active lifestyle
• Use supplements wisely
• Use meal replacement bars wisely

28
Healthy People 2010

• To promote healthy lifestyle and reduce
  preventable death and disease
• Increase the number of healthy people
• Reduce obesity in adults and children
• Increase intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole
  grain products
• Lower the intake of fat, saturated fats, and
  sodium
• Increase the intake of calcium and iron

29
Gaining Scientific Knowledge

• Scientific methods
• Observations
• Question
• Testing

30
Scientific Methods

• Hypothesis
• Theory
• Epidemiology
• Designed experiments
• Animal studies
• Human experiments
• Case-control study
• Double-blind study
• Peer Review
• Follow-up study

31
Facts vs. Fiction

• Inconsistencies
• Reliable references?
• Use of testimonials
• Lack of evidence
• List of good and bad foods
• Dramatic results too good to be true
• Reputable journals?

32
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act
(DSHEA) 94

• Classifies vitamins, minerals, amino acids,
  herbal remedies as foods
• Prevents the U.S. FDA from regulating them as
  heavily as additives or drugs
• FDA must prove this food is unsafe before it
  can be pulled from the shelf
• Dietary supplements can be sold without FDA
  approval

33
Disclaimer on Claims

• This statement has not been evaluated by the
  Food and Drug Administration. This product is
  not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
  any disease
• Many people still buy the products

34
Where to Get Reliable Nutrition Information

• Accredited University
• Hospital dietetics department
• Well known health entities (e.g., American Heart
  Association, American Dietetic Association, etc.)
• Registered Dietitian (RD)

35
Content Review

• What factors influence our food intake?
• What is Healthy People 2010?
• What is involved in scientific method for
  testing?
• Are all dietary supplements safe to take?
• Where can you go for reliable nutrition
  information?

36
Genetics and Nutrition Is There A Relationship?

• Genes contain information
• Genes direct growth, development, maintenance of
  cell
• Genes control expression of individual traits
• Genes control susceptibility to diseases

37
Nutrition, Genetics and Chronic Diseases

• Heart disease
• Hypertension
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Cancer
• Osteoporosis

38
Assess Your Disease Potential

• Family medical history
• Your risk increases if you have more relatives
  with diseases
• Your risk increases if relationship to
  relative(s) is closer

39
Solutions(?)

• Gene therapy
• Nutrition therapy