Chapter Menu

1
Chapter Menu
Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Land Biomes Lesson
2 Aquatic Ecosystems Lesson 3 How
Ecosystems Change Chapter Wrap-Up
Dr. Marli Mill/Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images
2
Chapter Introduction

• How do Earths biomes and ecosystems differ?

3
Chapter Introduction

• What do you think?

Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree
with each of these statements. As you view this
presentation, see if you change your mind about
any of the statements.
4
Chapter Introduction
Do you agree or disagree?

• 1. Deserts can be cold.
• 2. There are no rain forests outside the tropics.
• 3. Estuaries do not protect coastal areas from
  erosion.

5
Chapter Introduction
Do you agree or disagree?

• 4. Animals form coral reefs.
• 5. An ecosystem never changes.
• 6. Nothing grows in the area where a volcano has
  erupted.

6
Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC
Land Biomes

• How do Earths land biomes differ?
• How do humans impact land biomes?

7
Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab
Land Biomes

• biome
• desert
• grassland
• temperate

• taiga
• tundra

8
Lesson 1-1
Land Ecosystems and Biomes

• Scientists classify similar ecosystems in large
  geographic areas as biomes.
• A biome is a geographic area on Earth that
  contains ecosystems with similar biotic and
  abiotic features.
• Earth has seven major biomes desert, grassland,
  tropical rain forest, temperate rain forest,
  temperate deciduous forest, taiga, and tundra.

9
Lesson 1-1

• Earth has seven major biomes.

10
Lesson 1-1
Desert Biome

• Deserts are biomes that receive very little rain.
• They are on every continent and are Earths
  driest ecosystems.
• Rainwater in deserts drains away quickly because
  of thin, porous soil.
• Lizards, bats, woodpeckers, and snakes are among
  animals found in deserts.

11
Lesson 1-1
Desert Biome (cont.)

• Shallow roots of desert plant life absorb water
  quickly.
• Humans have an impact on deserts by using
  valuable water.

12
Lesson 1-2
Grassland Biome

• Grassland biomes are areas where grasses are the
  dominant plants.
• Wheat, corn, oats, and other important cereal
  crops grow in grasslands where deep fertile soil
  supports plant growth.
• Grasslands have a wet and dry season.

13
Lesson 1-2
Grassland Biome (cont.)

• Large herbivores such as bison and elk and
  predators such as hawks and coyotes live in North
  American grasslands.
• Humans reduce habitat for wild species when they
  plow large areas of grassland to raise crops.
• Hunting has reduced the number of large
  herbivores in many grasslands.

14
Lesson 1-2

• The temperatures vary depending on the season in
  the United States grasslands.

15
Lesson 1-3
Tropical Rain Forest Biome

• The forests that grow near the equator are called
  tropical rain forests.
• They receive large amount of rain and have dense
  growths of tall, leafy trees.
• Insects make up the largest group of tropical
  animals.

16
Lesson 1-3
Tropical Rain Forest Biome (cont.)

• People have cleared more than half of Earths
  tropical rain forests for lumber, farms, and
  ranches, where poor soil does not support rapid
  growth of new trees.

17
Lesson 1-4
Temperate Rain Forest Biome

• Regions of Earth between the tropics and the
  polar circles are temperate regions.
• Temperate regions have mild climates with
  distinct seasons.
• Temperate rain forests are moist ecosystems in
  coastal areas with rich, moist soil.

18
Lesson 1-4
Temperate Rain Forest Biome (cont.)

• Forests are dominated by spruce, cedar, and
  redwood trees.
• Fungi and small flowering plants grow on the
  moist forest floor.
• Animals include mosquitoes, owls, deer, and
  bears.
• Logging can destroy the habitat of forest
  species, but rich soil enables cut forests to
  grow back.

19
Lesson 1-4
20
Lesson 1-4
Temperate Rain Forest Biome (cont.)
In what ways do humans affect temperate rain
forests?
21
Lesson 1-5
Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome

• Temperate deciduous forests grow in temperate
  regions where winter and summer climates have
  more variation than those in temperate rain
  forests.
• These forests are the most common forest
  ecosystems in the United States.
• They include mostly deciduous trees, which lose
  their leaves in the fall.

22
Lesson 1-5
Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome (cont.)

• Summers are hot and humid and winter temperatures
  are often below freezing and snowy.
• Some animals in temperate deciduous forests spend
  the winter in hibernation.
• Humans have cleared thousands of acres of Earths
  deciduous forests for farms and cities.

23
Lesson 1-5
24
Lesson 1-5
Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome (cont.)
How are temperate deciduous rain forests
different from temperate rain forests?
25
Lesson 1-6
Taiga Biome

• A taiga is a forest biome consisting mostly of
  cone-bearing evergreen trees that only exists in
  the northern hemisphere.
• It occupies more space on Earths continents than
  any other biome.
• Winters are long and snowy and summers are short,
  warm, and moist.

26
Lesson 1-6
Taiga Biome (cont.)

• Abundant insects in summer attract many birds,
  which migrate south in the winter.

27
Lesson 1-6
Tundra Biome

• A tundra biome is cold, dry, and treeless.
• Winters are long, dark, and freezing, and summers
  are short and cool. The growing season is only
  5060 days.
• Permafrost is a layer of permanently frozen soil
  that prevents deep root growth.

28
Lesson 1-6
Tundra Biome (cont.)

• Many animals hibernate or migrate south during
  winter. Few animals live in tundras year round.
• Drilling for oil and gases can interrupt
  migration patterns.

29
Lesson 1 - VS

• Earth has seven major land biomes, ranging from
  hot, dry deserts to cold, forested taigas.
• Half of Earths species live in rain forest
  biomes.
• Temperate deciduous forests are the most common
  forest biome in the United States.

30
Lesson 1 LR1
Which type of biome has dry and wet seasons and
grass as the dominant plant?
A. desert B. tropical rain forest C. temperate
deciduous forest D. grassland
31
Lesson 1 LR2
In which type of biome does rainwater drain away
quickly because of thin, porous soil?
A. grasslands B. deserts C. a taiga D. tropical
rain forests
32
Lesson 1 LR3
Which is the most common forest ecosystem in the
United States?
A. temperate deciduous forests B. tropical rain
forests C. grasslands D. tundra
33
Lesson 1 - Now
Do you agree or disagree?

• 1. Deserts can be cold.
• 2. There are no rain forests outside the tropics.

34
Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC
Aquatic Ecosystems

• How do Earths aquatic ecosystems differ?
• How do humans impact aquatic ecosystems?

35
Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab
Aquatic Ecosystems

• salinity
• wetland
• estuary
• intertidal zone
• coral reef

36
Lesson 2-1
Aquatic Ecosystems

• There are four major types of water, or aquatic,
  ecosystems freshwater, wetland, estuary, and
  ocean.
• Each type of aquatic ecosystem contains a unique
  variety of organisms.
• Salinity is the amount of salt dissolved in water.

37
Lesson 2-1
Aquatic Ecosystems (cont.)

• Water in saltwater ecosystems has high salinity
  compared to water in freshwater ecosystems.

38
Lesson 2-2
Freshwater Streams and Rivers

• Freshwater ecosystems include streams, rivers,
  ponds, and lakes.
• Oxygen levels in streams are high because air
  mixes into the water as it splashes over rocks.

39
Lesson 2-2
Freshwater Streams and Rivers (cont.)

• Soil that washes into a river from streams
  introduces nutrients such as nitrogen and can
  make river water muddy.
• Slow-moving river water has higher levels of
  nutrients and lower levels of dissolved oxygen
  than fast-moving water.

Paul Nicklen/NGS/Getty Images
40
Lesson 2-2
Freshwater Streams and Rivers (cont.)

• Willows, cottonwoods, and other water-loving
  plants grow along streams and on riverbanks.
• Dams from hydroelectric plants stop the waters
  flow.
• Runoff from cities, industries, and farms is a
  source of pollution.

Dr. Marli Mill/Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images
41
Lesson 2-3
Freshwater Ponds and Lakes

• Bodies of water like ponds and lakes form in low
  areas on land and contain freshwater that is not
  flowing downhill.
• Sunlight reaches the bottom of most ponds.
• Lakes are larger and deeper than ponds and
  sunlight only penetrates the top few feet of
  water.

42
Lesson 2-3
Freshwater Ponds and Lakes (cont.)

• Plants surround ponds and lake shores and surface
  water contains plants and algae.
• Organisms like insects, frogs, fish, and turtles
  live in shallow water near shorelines, but few
  organisms live in the deeper, colder water of
  lakes.

Paul Nicklen/NGS/Getty Images
43
Lesson 2-3
Freshwater Ponds and Lakes (cont.)

• Runoff from farms, gardens, and roads wash
  pollutants into ponds and lakes, disrupting food
  webs.

How do ponds and lakes differ?
44
Lesson 2-4
Wetlands

• Wetlands are aquatic ecosystems that have a thin
  layer of water covering soil that is wet most of
  the time.
• Wetlands contain freshwater, salt water, or both,
  and are among Earths most fertile ecosystems.
• Freshwater wetlands form at the edges of lakes
  and ponds and in low areas on land.

45
Lesson 2-4
Wetlands (cont.)

• Saltwater wetlands form along ocean coasts.
• More than one-third of North American bird
  species use wetlands for nesting and feeding.

Michael S. Quinton/National Geographic/Getty
Images
46
Lesson 2-4
Wetlands (cont.)

• In the past, water was drained away from wetlands
  to build homes and raise crops, but today many
  wetlands are being restored and preserved.

How do humans impact wetlands?
47
Lesson 2-5
Estuaries

• Estuaries are regions along coastlines where
  streams or rivers flow into a body of salt water.
• Most estuaries form along coastlines, where
  freshwater in rivers meets salt water in oceans.
• Salinity depends on rainfall, the amount of
  freshwater flowing from land, and the amount of
  salt water pushed in by tides.

48
Lesson 2-5
Estuaries (cont.)

• Animals in estuaries include many species that
  people use for food, like oysters and clams.
• Many species of birds depend on estuaries for
  breeding, nesting, and feeding.
• Destruction of estuaries reduces habitat for
  estuary species and exposes coastline to flooding
  and storm damage.

49
Lesson 2-5
Estuaries (cont.)
estuary from Latin aestuarium, means a tidal
marsh or opening
50
Lesson 2-6
Ocean Open Oceans

• The open sea, one type of ocean ecosystem,
  extends from the steep edges of continental
  shelves to the deepest parts of the ocean.
• Photosynthesis can only take place in the
  uppermost, sunlit zones.

51
Lesson 2-6
Ocean Open Oceans (cont.)

• Overfishing threatens many ocean fish.
• Trash discarded from ocean vessels or washed into
  oceans from land is a source of pollution.

52
Lesson 2-6

• Microscopic algae and other producers in the
  sunlit zone form the base of most ocean food
  chains.

53
Lesson 2-6
Ocean Coastal Oceans

• Coastal oceans include several types of
  ecosystems, including continental shelves and
  intertidal zones.
• The intertidal zone is the ocean shore between
  the lowest low tide and the highest high tide.
• Nutrients washed in from rivers and streams
  contribute to high biodiversity.

54
Lesson 2-6
Ocean Coastal Oceans (cont.)

• Intertidal species, like crabs, fish, and
  mussels, have adaptations for surviving exposure
  to air during low tides and to heavy waves during
  high tides.

55
Lesson 2-6
Ocean Coral Reefs

• A coral reef is an underwater structure made from
  outside skeletons of tiny, soft-bodied animals
  called coral.
• Most coral reefs form in shallow tropical oceans
  and protect coastlines from storm damage and
  erosion.
• Coral reefs provide food and shelter for many
  animals, including shrimp, crabs, scallops, and
  clams.

56
Lesson 2 - VS

• Freshwater ecosystems include ponds and lakes.
• Wetlands can be saltwater ecosystems or
  freshwater ecosystems.
• Coral reefs and coastal ecosystems have high
  levels of biodiversity.

Paul Nicklen/NGS/Getty Images
57
Lesson 2 LR1
Which type of zone describes the ocean shore
between the lowest low tide and the highest high
tide?
A. twilight zone B. intertidal zone C. sunlit
zone D. dead zone
58
Lesson 2 LR2
What is the name for an underwater structure made
from outside skeletons of tiny, soft-bodied coral?
A. an intertidal zone B. an estuary C. a coral
reef D. a coastal zone
59
Lesson 2 LR3
Which of these do many species of birds depend on
for breeding, nesting, and feeding?
A. estuaries B. coral reefs C. intertidal
zones D. the open sea
60
Lesson 2 - Now
Do you agree or disagree?
3. Estuaries do not protect coastal areas from
erosion. 4. Animals form coral reefs.
61
Lesson 3 Reading Guide - KC
How Ecosystems Change

• How do land ecosystems change over time?
• How do aquatic ecosystems change over time?

62
Lesson 3 Reading Guide - Vocab
How Ecosystems Change

• ecological succession
• climax community
• pioneer species
• eutrophication

63
Lesson 3-1
How Land Ecosystems Change

• Ecological succession is the process of one
  ecological community gradually changing into
  another.
• The final stage of ecological succession in a
  land ecosystem is a climax communitya stable
  community that no longer goes through major
  ecological changes.

64
Lesson 3-1
How Land Ecosystems Change (cont.)

• In a tropical forest biome, a mature tropical
  forest is a climax community.
• Climax communities are usually stable for
  hundreds of years.

65
Lesson 3-1
How Land Ecosystems Change (cont.)
What is a climax community?
66
Lesson 3-1
How Land Ecosystems Change (cont.)

• Ecological succession in new areas of land with
  little or no soil, such as a lava flow or sand
  dune, is primary succession.
• The first species that colonize new or
  undisturbed land are pioneer species.

67
Lesson 3-1
How Land Ecosystems Change (cont.)
pioneer Science Use the first species that
colonize new or undisturbed land Common Use the
first human settlers in an area
68
Lesson 3-1
69
Lesson 3-1
How Land Ecosystems Change (cont.)

• In areas where existing ecosystems have been
  disturbed or destroyed, secondary succession can
  occur.

70
Lesson 3-1
71
Lesson 3-2
How Freshwater Ecosystems Change

• Freshwater ecosystems change over time in a
  natural, predictable process called aquatic
  succession.
• In aquatic succession the buildup of decomposed
  remains accumulate over time as soil.
• Eventually the water disappears and the area
  becomes land.

72
Lesson 3-2
73
Lesson 3-2
How Freshwater Ecosystems Change (cont.)
What happens to a pond, a lake, or a wetland over
time?
74
Lesson 3-2
How Freshwater Ecosystems Change (cont.)

• Eutrophication is the process of a body of water
  becoming nutrient-rich.

eutrophication from Greek eutrophos, means
nourishing
75
Lesson 3-2
How Freshwater Ecosystems Change (cont.)

• Eutrophication is a natural process, but humans
  contribute to it by introducing fertilizer,
  waste, and other nutrient-rich pollution to a
  body of water.
• High nutrient levels support large populations of
  algae and other microscopic organisms that end up
  using most of the dissolved oxygen in the water,
  leaving less available for fish and other
  organisms.

76
Lesson 3 - VS

• Ecosystems change in predictable ways through
  ecological succession.

77
Lesson 3 - VS

• The final stage of ecological succession in a
  land ecosystem is a climax community.

78
Lesson 3 - VS

• The final stage of aquatic succession is a land
  ecosystem.

79
Lesson 3 LR1
What term refers to the first species to colonize
new or undisturbed land?
A. a climax community B. a pioneer species C. a
stable community D. secondary succession species
80
Lesson 3 LR2
What term refers to the process of one ecological
community gradually changing into another?
A. pioneer succession B. eutrophication C. ecologi
cal succession D. climax community
81
Lesson 3 LR3
During which natural, predictable process do
freshwater ecosystems change over time?
A. ecological succession B. eutrophication C. seco
ndary succession D. aquatic succession
82
Lesson 3 - Now
Do you agree or disagree?
5. An ecosystem never changes. 6. Nothing grows
in the area where a volcano has erupted.
83
Chapter Review Menu
Key Concept Summary Interactive Concept
Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice
84
The BIG Idea

• Each of Earths land biomes and aquatic
  ecosystems is characterized by distinct
  environments and organisms. Biomes and ecosystems
  change by natural processes of ecological
  succession and by human activities.

85
Key Concepts 1
Lesson 1 Land Biomes

• Each land biome has a distinct climate and
  contains animals and plants well adapted to the
  environment. Biomes include deserts, grasslands,
  tropical rain forests, temperate rain forests,
  deciduous forests, taigas, and tundras.
• Humans affect land biomes through agriculture,
  construction, and other activities.

86
Key Concepts 2
Lesson 2 Aquatic Ecosystems

• Earths aquatic ecosystems include freshwater and
  saltwater ecosystems. Wetlands can contain either
  salt water or freshwater. The salinity of
  estuaries varies.
• Human activities such as construction and
  fishing can affect aquatic ecosystems.

Dr. Marli Mill/Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images
87
Key Concepts 3
Lesson 3 How Ecosystems Change

• Land and aquatic ecosystems change over time in
  predictable processes of ecological succession.
• Land ecosystems eventually form climax
  communities.
• Freshwater ecosystems undergo eutrophication and
  eventually become land ecosystems.

88
Chapter Review MC1
What is a geographic area on Earth that contains
ecosystems with similar biotic and abiotic
features?
A. desert B. biome C. temperate
region D. tropical rainforest
89
Chapter Review MC2
Which biome is found on every continent and is
Earths driest ecosystem?
A. grasslands B. temperate regions C. polar
regions D. deserts
90
Chapter Review MC3
Which ecosystem can contain freshwater, salt
water, or both, and are among earths most
fertile?
A. grasslands B. wetlands C. estuaries D. coral
reefs
91
Chapter Review MC4
Which food chains base is made mostly of
microscopic algae and other producers in the
sunlit zone?
A. saltwater B. wetland C. ocean D. coral reef
92
Chapter Review MC5
Which term refers to the process of a body of
water becoming nutrient-rich?
A. aquatic succession B. ecological
succession C. secondary succession D. eutrophicati
on
93
Chapter Review STP1
What is the name for forests that grow near the
Earths equator?
A. biomes B. deciduous forests C. a
taiga D. tropical rain forests
94
Chapter Review STP2
Which of these is a forest biome consisting
mostly of cone-bearing evergreen trees that only
exists in the northern hemisphere?
A. tundra B. taiga C. grassland D. temperate
rain forest
95
Chapter Review STP3
Salinity is a measure of the amount of what
substance dissolved in water?
A. soil B. bacteria C. salt D. algae
96
Chapter Review STP4
What are the regions along coastlines where
streams or rivers flow into a body of salt water?
A. wetlands B. ponds C. lakes D. estuaries
97
Chapter Review STP5
Which term refers to the process of one
ecological community gradually changing into
another?
A. aquatic succession B. ecological
succession C. secondary succession D. primary
succession