Chapter 10: Becoming a World Power

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Chapter 10 Becoming a World Power

• 10.1 The Pressure to Expand

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By the late 1800s, the U.S. took its first steps
toward building an empire.

• What is an empire???
• Can you think of any examples?

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IMPERIALISM

• To create an empire by dominating weaker nations.

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WHY IMPERIALISM GREW

• 1- economics (need for raw materials from
  underdeveloped countries new markets to sell
  goods)
• 2- nationalism (superiority)
• 3- military competition (stronger, more advanced
  than weaker nations)
• 4- humanitarian factors (spread ideas of western
  civilization to the world)

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EUROPE LED THE WAY

• improved transportation and communication
• Great Britain acquired territory in Africa, Asia,
  and the Pacific
• By 1890, the U.S. was ready to join the
  competition!

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AMERICAN EXPANDING INTERESTS

• Monroe Doctrine used to justify (DONT MESS WITH
  THE U.S.!)
• 1- acquisition of territories from Mexico (CA)
• 2- annexation of Texas
• 3- purchase of Alaska from Russia
• 4- open trade with Japan, China
• 5- annexation of the Midway Islands in Pacific
  (refueling/repair stations for navy)
• 6- favorable trade terms with Hawaii
• 7- protection of Caribbean Islands and Latin
  America

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ARGUMENTS FOR IMPERIALISM

• 1- PROMOTE ECONOMIC GROWTH
• produce too muchneed new markets
• business leaders invested in economies of other
  countries (Banana Republics)
• 2- PROTECT AMERICAN SECURITY
• strong navy to protect overseas trade
• 3- PRESERVE THE AMERICAN SPIRIT
• restore pioneer spirit
• noble pursuit spread Christianity civilization
  to inferiors

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10.2 The Spanish American War

• An aggressive foreign policy brought the US into
  conflict with other nations.
• In the 1890s, several instances took place in
  Latin America that helped the US display their
  strength and role in foreign affairs.

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Displays of U.S. Power

• Strong demands to Chile for 75,000 to American
  families who lost sailors because of Chilean mob
  attack.
• Naval units to Rio de Janeiro to protect U.S.
  shipping interests.
• U.S. demanded Britain abide by Monroe Doctrine
  and submit to arbitration with Venezuela over
  boundary dispute.
• After first refusing, Britain finally complied.

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Cuban Rebellion

• Cubans wanted independence from Spain
• Spain and General Weyler instituted a policy of
  reconcentration camps to prevent rebellions.
• Poor conditionsover 200,000 Cubans died
• Cubans urged U.S. govt to get involved (we did
  not)
• Cubans destroyed American sugar plantation and
  mills
• Business owners urged U.S. to get involved (we
  did not)

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Yellow Journalism

• Newspaper competition for readersled to
  sensationalism
• Exaggerated stories, vivid headlines and stories
• Took advantage of Cuban rebellion and
  concentration camps
• Garnered support for U.S. intervention in Cuba

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Steps to the Spanish American War

• The de Lome letter
• Explosion of the USS Maine
• Preparing in the Philippines
• McKinleys War Message

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A Splendid Little War

• Wars 1st action Admiral Dewey destroyed Spanish
  fleet in the Philippines
• US ships trapped Spanish fleet in Cubas Santiago
  Harbor
• Land invasion
• Teddy Roosevelt Rough Riders take San Juan Hill
• US ships destroyed Spanish at Santiago

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The Treaty of Paris

• Ends war
• Spain recognized Cubas independence
• US paid 20 million for Philippines, Puerto Rico,
  and Guam

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New Challenges After the War

• Dilemma in the Philippines
• The Fate of Cuba
• The U.S. and Puerto Rico
• Annexation of Hawaii
• Samoa
• An Open Door to China

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Philippines

• President McKinley wanted to annex
• Filippinos their leader, Emilio Aguinaldo,
  fought 3 year war against U.S.
• The Philippines did not get complete independence
  until 1946

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Cuba

• U.S. installed military govt (to protect
  American business interests)
• Organized school system
• Restored economic stability
• U.S. authorized Cubans to draft Constitution
• Agreed to remove troops if Cubans accepted Platt
  Amendment
• No foreign agreements, establish U.S. naval
  bases, U.S. gets right to intervene whenever
  necessary

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Puerto Rico

• U.S. maintained military govt until 1900
• Developed infrastructure, education, police

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Hawaii

• Important to U.S.
• Sugar, Pearl Harbor
• Queen Lil opposed U.S. control of islands
• Removed from power by Dole and U.S. marines
  republic established
• 1898 Congress approved annexation of Hawaii

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Samoa

• U.S. wanted islands for trade with Asia

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China

• U.S. wanted equal access to trade with China
• Other nations were establishing spheres of
  influence
• Boxer Rebellion Chinese resented foreign
  influence

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10.3 A New Foreign Policy

• President Theodore Roosevelt conducted a vigorous
  foreign policy that suited the new status of the
  United States as a world power. Presidents Taft
  and Wilson took a different approach to
  influencing other nations.

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• Election of 1900
• McKinley wins!
• Assassinated in 1901
• VP Teddy Roosevelt takes over

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The Panama Canal

• Need for a shorter route between Pacific and
  Atlantic Oceans
• From San Francisco to New York
• 6,100 vs. 15,000 miles
• Global shipping faster and cheaper
• Quick transport in times of war

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Building the Canal

• Isthmus of Panama perfect spot
• Province of Columbia
• The French purchased concession (land grant) to
  build canal
• Gave up b/c of disease and mismanagement
• US bought rest of French concession (1902)
• Had to work out treaty with Columbia for lease on
  land
• Negotiations went nowhere- Columbian govt wanted
  to wait for French treaty to expire (1904) sell
  land for much higher price

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• Rebels in Panama revolted against Columbia
• US recognized independent Panama become its
  protector
• Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
• US received permanent land grant for canal paid
  Panama 10 million

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• Reaction to the Canal
• Most Americans approved TRs actions to get land
  to build canal
• Ill-will with Columbia
• We provoked Panamanian Revolt
• After TR died, we paid Columbia 25 million
  compensation

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Teddy Roosevelt

• BIG STICK DIPLOMACY
• Used threat of military force (navy) to conduct
  aggressive foreign policy
• ROOSEVELT COROLLARY US would intervene to
  prevent intervention from other powers
• Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic) went bankrupt,
  Europeans threatened to intervene to collect ,
  US took over countrys finances paid its debt
• US intervention in Latin America common
• Wanted to maintain open door to China
• Negotiated settlement to Russo-Japanese War

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William Howard Taft

• DOLLAR DIPLOMACY
• Not as aggressive as TR
• Goals to maintain open door to Asia preserve
  stability in Latin America
• Preferred substituting dollars for bullets
• Maintained orderly societies through increased
  American investment in foreign economies
• Not successful

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Woodrow Wilson

• MORAL DIPLOMACY
• Problems in Mexico
• Wilson pledged to apply moral and legalistic
  standards to foreign policy decisions
• Did not work well

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10.4 Debating Americas New Role

• After the Spanish-American War, the debate
  intensified over whether the United States should
  build an empire.

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Pro-Imperialism

• Would keep Americans from losing their
  competitive edge
• New kind of frontier for American expansion
• Celebration of American tradition and creative
  spirit
• Growth and popularity of youth scout programs
• Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts
• Practical advantages
• Need to gain access to foreign markets
• Strategic military advantages
• Great White Fleet shows off our navy

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Anti-Imperialism

• Anti-Imperialist League established
• Moral and political arguments
• Not liberty for all
• People in territories controlled by the US should
  be entitled to the same guarantees in the
  Constitution as US citizens
• Expansionists claimed people in the Caribbean and
  Pacific were not ready for democracy
• Imperialism threatened the nations democratic
  foundations

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Anti-Imperialism

• Racial Arguments
• Racism
• Many southern politicians feared what would
  happen if we absorbed more people of different
  races into the US
• Economic Arguments
• Too many costs
• Job competition from immigrants who would work
  for less
• American industries could be hurt from annexed
  countrys industries (cheap good, no customs
  duties on imports)

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Imperialism Viewed from Abroad

• Pattern of international involvement
• the US often had to defend govts that were
  unpopular with locals
• Panamanians began to claim that they suffered
  from discrimination
• Other countries began to turn to the US for help