Estad

1
Estadísticas de género sobre trabajo remunerado y
no remuneradoLos desafíos para la OIT

• Sophia Lawrence
• ILO Department of Statistics lawrence_at_ilo.org

2
Times have changed

• Pilar P.de Rivera, 1942
• Las mujeres nunca descubren nada les falta,
  desde luego, el talento creador, reservado por
  Dios para inteligencias varoniles...
• Beijing Platform for Action 1995
• Women contribute to development not only through
  remunerated work but also through a great deal of
  unremunerated work.

3
Gender roles change

• Sex BIOLOGICAL differences do not change
• Gender SOCIAL differences do change
• GENDER ROLES roles assigned to men and women
  in a SOCIETY as  male  and  female 
• Specificities of different groups
• Dominant cultures, minorities, indigenous,
  racial, etc.

4
Conventional sex divisions

• Male and female roles and expectations
• Affect womens as well as mens potentials and
  possibilities
• Must measure extent and differences
• Create burdens for women, and also narrow mens
  experience cultural, social sciences, human
  service
• Power-oriented masculinities --gt associated with
  ethnocentrism, cultural rejection, inflexible
  barriers to change

5
Meaningful labour statistics

• Should reflect current reality
• In practice, they simplify it
• Objectives, measurement methods
• They identify core situations, results in
• Partial coverage
• Insufficient detail
• Incomplete analytical topics

6
An Indicator only shows partial realityMDG
Indicator 3.2 Share of womens wage employment,
non-agricultural sector

• 1990 2000 2007 2015
• CIS (Europe) 50.3 51.2 52.1 53.2
• CIS (Asia) 45.4 45.5 46.2 47.2
• Developed 43.4 45.4 46.5 48.1
• Latin America Caribbean 36.5 40.7 42.7 45.5
• Eastern Asia 38.0 39.6 41.3 43.7
• Oceania 32.8 35.1 35.8 36.8
• South-East Asia 35.6 37.4 37.4 37.4
• Sub-Saharan Africa 22.8 26.2 28.9 32.7
• Southern Asia 13.4 17.2 18.8 21.0
• Western Asia 17.3 19.6 21.2 23.6
• Northern Africa 21.0 19.8 20.4 21.2
• World 35.3 37.6 39.0 40.8

7
Status in employment reality
Distribution of total employment by status in
employment, developing regions 1997 and 2008,
by sex
(Percentage)
8
Fully engendered labour statistics

• International Conference of Labour Statisticians,
  2003
• Checklist of good practices for mainstreaming
  gender in labour statistics
• Aims to address gender concerns, to better
  understand how men and women contribute to labour
  market functioning

9
Gender analysis for labour statistics
WOMEN MEN
DIVISION OF LABOUR combine employment with unpaid household service work mainly economic activities
DIVISION OF LABOUR active in non-market activities and informal sector carry out multiple activities, seasonal work mostly active in market activities full-time work, may have a secondary job
DIVISION OF LABOUR occupy general occupations with more routine and/or multiple, non-specific tasks specific tasks in occupations with less routine work
DIVISION OF LABOUR work closer to home for pay in the house, e.g., as homeworkers, or for family profit in a family enterprise work for pay or profit outside of the house
RESOURCES AND BENEFITS activities are less rewarded or not rewarded at all and have lower status activities are better rewarded and have higher status
RESOURCES AND BENEFITS access to different types of resources and less control over resources and benefits more control over resources and benefits
NEEDS AND CON-STRAINTS participation in the labour force is constrained by marriage and presence of children and other persons requiring care labour force participation boosted by marriage and presence of children
NEEDS AND CON-STRAINTS tend to be seen as housewives and dependents tend to be seen predominantly as breadwinners
10
Important gender role of men, boys

• Socialization and education process related to
• The workplace and the economy
• Household (domestic) work and work/life balance
• Sexuality, health, HIV/AIDS
• Gender-based violence
• Masculinities
• Male attitudes, aspirations, anxieties

11
Gender justiceIntrinsic and instrumental value
Increased gender justice in households, labour
markets, society
Men co-responsible for household tasks, women
have better access to markets
Mothers greater control over decision-making in
households, Fathers greater share in family life

Women have better education and health
Increased womens labor force participation,
productivity and earnings
Improved childrens, elders and other
dependents well-being
Better family health, educational attainment
greater adult productivity
Income / consumption expenditure
Differential savings rate
Future poverty reduction and economic growth
Current poverty reduction and economic growth
12
18th ICLS Important breakthrough for gender
and labour statistics

• New international standards of Working Time and
  of Child Labour (2008)
• Recommends SNA recognize that, to portray the
  world of work adequately
• All paid and unpaid work activities, and the
  relationships between them, need to be
  acknowledged, quantified and understood
• International Labour Conference, 98th Session,
  2009

13
SNA scope of new standards

• PRINCIPLE of production of all goods and
  services time spent and performed by all, young
  and old
• Within SNA Production boundary
• Employment, labour input for national production
  accounts, GDP measures
• Beyond SNA General Production boundary
• Enlarged measures, in unpaid household service
  volunteer work

14
SNA PRODUCTION PERSPECTIVE Things with economic value A way of counting money, but not human and environmental cost, not unpaid work, not time, not health or happiness Things without economic value
Trees when cut down Tobacco, Arms, Missile industry Crime, Prostitution Illness, clinics, hospitals Death, War Women's bodies for advertising Rivers, forests (when not harnessed for economic gain) Good health, mothers milk Protecting the earth Giving birth, Beauty (except art for sale) Doing own dishes, laundry Based on Waring,1988

15
Measurement of Working Time Resolution

• Context
• Where --gt location lab., office, shop, home
  fields, street, construction site
• With whom --gt co-workers, family members,
  dependents
• For what purpose --gt pay, self, family, fun

16
Hours actually worked Key Concept

• Time spent on tasks duties necessary to enable,
  facilitate or enhance productive activity of a
  job
• Waiting, standing-by, transporting goods and
  household members
• Short rest breaks (not lunch)
• Work at home, attending meetings, travel for work
• Professional training for economic unit

17
Concept also defines

• Hours actually worked in Unpaid household
  service and volunteer work
• Typical productive activities
• Household accounts, management
• Prepare meals, Care for household members
• Maintain house, grounds, clothes, equipment
• Purchase or transport goods or persons
• Travelling, waiting for persons in ones charge
• Training for household jobs

18
Unpaid vs Paid Work

• Clarify the terms
• Unpaid work as contributing family member in
  family enterprise (E)
• Unpaid subsistence production in rural areas (E
  or I)
• Unpaid care work within the family (I)
• Unpaid work with the public health-care sector
  (I), etc.

19
Paid work - optimistic view

• Procures
• Own resources
• Increased autonomy
• Bargaining power...
• But most jobs created are not
• Secure
• Casual, temporary, contract or precarious work
• Seasonal migrants, home workers, etc.

20
Allocation of time, not money

• In the household as womens market working time
  increases
• Non-market work has not declined commensurately
• Participation in paid employment is purchased
  often at the expense of
• time once devoted to personal care, sleep,
  leisure
• Many women work second shift or double
  day

21
Challenges go beyond paid/unpaid

• Existing gender inequalities repeated,
  reinforced
• Womens paid jobs concentrated
• in lower segments of supply chains
• Global production systems in current financial
  downturn
• Must demonstrate significance of gender justice
  for economic social development

22
Future work

• Working to identify how to incorporate employment
  and unpaid household service work and volunteer
  work in
• Statistical measurements
• Indicators
• Economic modelling
• Impact assessment tools, etc

23
ILO decent work concept

• Encompasses all forms of work, all who perform
  work
• Young and old, women and men
• Work includes unpaid work in the family and in
  the community
• Economic productivity is subsidized by social
  productivity
• Unpaid (mainly) female household service work,
  done often alongside paid work

24
Many dimensions of decent work

• A. Employment Opportunities
• B. Adequate Earnings, Productive Work
• C. Decent Working Time
• D. Work that should be Abolished
• E. Work Stability and Security
• F. Equal Opportunity and Treatment in All Work
• G. Social Security
• H. Social Dialogue, Worker-Employer
  Representation
• I. Economic and social context

25
New Challenges work statistics

• Measurement of total  WORK 
• Need to go beyond current concepts applied in
  labour statistics
• Provide a fully engendered perspective
• Enable us to fully describe and analyze total
  social production
• http//laborsta.ilo.org
• Muchas gracias