Intro 1

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Intro 1
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Intro 7
Why It Matters
President John F. Kennedy urged Americans to work
for progress and to stand firm against the
Soviets. Cold War tensions and the threat of
nuclear war peaked during the Cuban missile
crisis. Kennedys assassination changed the
nations mood, but President Lyndon Johnson
embraced ambitious goals, including working
toward the passage of major civil rights
legislation and eradicating poverty.
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Section 1-4
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Section 1-5
28.1 The Election of 1960

• The 1960 presidential election began the era of
  television politics.

• Voters began using this medium as a voting tool.
• The Democratic candidate, John F. Kennedy, was a
  Catholic from a wealthy Massachusetts family.
• Republican candidate Richard Nixon was a Quaker
  from a financially struggling family.

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Section 1-6
The Election of 1960 (cont.)

• During the campaign, Democrats spent over 6
  million in television and radio ads, while
  Republicans spent over 7.5 million.

• The campaign focused on the economy and the Cold
  War.
• Kennedy felt the United States faced a threat
  from the Soviets and showed concern about a
  missile gap, in which it was believed the
  United States was behind the Soviets in weaponry.

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Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1
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Section 1-7
The Election of 1960 (cont.)

• Nixon believed the Republican administration was
  on the right track with its foreign policy.

• The televised debates had a strong influence on
  the outcome of the election.
• Kennedy won in what was one of the closest
  elections in history.

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Chapter Assessment 10
Geography and History
The map on page 863 of your textbook shows the
results of the presidential election of 1960.
Study the map and answer the questions on the
following slides.
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FYI 1-1a
The 1960 vote was so close that Nixon considered
demanding a recount, but then decided against it.
He explained that if there were a recount, the
organization of the new administration and the
orderly transfer of responsibility from the old
to the new might be delayed for months. The
situation within the entire federal government
would be chaotic.
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FYI 1-2b
John Kennedy, his wife, and their two small
children were the youngest family to live in the
White House since Theodore Roosevelts days.
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Section 1-9
The Kennedy Mystique

• John Kennedys youth, optimism, and charisma
  inspired Americans.

• In his Inaugural Address, Kennedy told Americans,
  ask not what your country can do for youask
  what you can do for your country.
• Kennedy was the first president to broadcast his
  press conferences live on television.

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Section 1-14
Success and Setback on the Domestic Front

• With his new legislative agenda, known as the New
  Frontier, Kennedy hoped to increase aid to
  education, provide health insurance to the
  elderly, create a Department of Urban Affairs,
  and help migrant workers.

• Kennedy was unsuccessful in pushing through many
  of his domestic programs even though the
  Democratic Party had large majorities in both
  houses of Congress.

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Section 1-15
Success and Setback on the Domestic Front (cont.)

• Many Republicans and conservative Southern
  Democrats felt the New Frontier was too costly.

• Congress defeated many of Kennedys proposals.
• Kennedy advocated the New Deal strategy of
  deficit spending that had been implemented during
  Roosevelts presidency.

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Section 1-16
Success and Setback on the Domestic Front (cont.)

• Congress was convinced to invest more funds for
  defense and space exploration to create more jobs
  and encourage economic growth.

• Kennedy also boosted the economy through
  increased business production and efficiency.

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Section 1-18
Warren Court Reforms

• Social issues were a focus during Kennedys time
  in office.

• Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States
  since Eisenhowers presidency, and the Warren
  Court took on a much more activist tone, which
  helped shape national policy.
• The Warren Court took a stand on several key
  issues, such as the civil rights movement,
  freedom of the press, separation of church and
  state, and the rights of the accused.

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Section 1-19
Warren Court Reforms (cont.)

• Many of these decisions are still being argued
  today.

• One of the Warren Courts most important
  decisions involved reapportionment, or the way in
  which states draw up political districts based on
  changes in population.
• The Warren Court decided on the principle of one
  man, one vote, which required state legislatures
  to reapportion electoral districts so that all
  citizens votes would have equal weight.

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Section 1-20
Warren Court Reforms (cont.)

• During the 1960s, the U.S. Supreme Court used the
  Fourteenth Amendment to apply the Bill of Rights
  to the states.

• Due process required that the law not treat an
  individual unfairly, arbitrarily, or
  unreasonably, and that courts must follow proper
  procedures and rules when trying a case.

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Section 1-20
Warren Court Reforms (cont.)

• The issue of separation between church and state
  was reaffirmed when the Court ruled that states
  could not compose official prayers and require
  prayer in public schools.

• The decisions of the Warren Court were favored by
  some while opposed by others, but the Court had
  an immense role in shaping national policy.

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Section 2-4
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Section 2-5
28.2 Kennedy Confronts Global Challenges

• President Kennedy focused much of his time on
  foreign policy as the nations rivalry between
  the Soviet Union deepened.

• Through a variety of programs, Kennedy attempted
  to curb communism and reduce the threat of
  nuclear war.

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Section 2-6
Kennedy Confronts Global Challenges (cont.)

• Kennedy felt that Eisenhower had relied too
  heavily on nuclear weapons.

• Instead, Kennedy supported a flexible response
  where he asked for a buildup of conventional
  troops and weapons.
• This was costly but allowed the United States to
  fight a limited style of warfare.
• Kennedy also supported the Special Forces, a
  small army unit established in the 1950s to wage
  guerrilla warfare.

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Section 2-7
Kennedy Confronts Global Challenges (cont.)

• To improve Latin American relations, Kennedy
  proposed the Alliance for Progress, a series of
  cooperative aid projects with Latin American
  governments.

• Over a 10-year period, 20 billion was promised
  to aid Latin America.
• In Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, and the Central
  American republics, real reform took place.

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Section 2-8
Kennedy Confronts Global Challenges (cont.)

• In other countries, the governing rulers used the
  money to remain in power.

• The Peace Corps, created to help less developed
  nations fight poverty, trained young Americans to
  spend two years assisting in a country.
• The Peace Corps is still active today and has
  become one of Kennedys most important and
  withstanding legacies.

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Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2
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FYI 2-1a
Since the Peace Corps was established in 1961,
over 160,000 volunteers have served in 135
countries. Volunteer sectors include education,
environment, health, business, and agriculture.
In 2001 there were 7,300 Peace Corps volunteers
serving in 72 countries.
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Section 2-8
Kennedy Confronts Global Challenges (cont.)

• During this time of increased tension between the
  United States and the Soviet Union, the two
  countries engaged in a space race, with each
  country hoping to dominate space to enhance their
  positions on Earth.

• Kennedy wanted Americans to be the first to reach
  the moon, and he pushed Congress to make it a
  reality.

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FYI 2-2b
The names of the early manned space programs,
Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo, were based on
mythology. In Roman mythology, for example,
Mercury was the messenger of the gods. In Greek
mythology, Apollo carried the sun across the sky
in his chariot each day.
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Section 2-10
Crises of the Cold War

• Cuba and its leader, Fidel Castro, began forming
  an alliance with the Soviet Union and its leader,
  Nikita Khrushchev.

• During Eisenhowers presidency, the CIA had
  secretly trained and armed Cuban exiles known as
  La Brigada.
• Kennedys advisers approved a plan to invade Cuba
  using La Brigada.
• On April 17, 1961, 1,400 armed Cuban exiles
  landed at the Bay of Pigs on the south coast of
  Cuba.

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Section 2-11
Crises of the Cold War (cont.)

• Disaster struck as Kennedy cancelled air support
  for the exiles in order to keep United States
  involvement a secret.

• Most of the La Brigada were either killed or
  captured by Castros army.
• After meeting with Soviet leader Nikita
  Khrushchev, Kennedy refused to recognize East
  Germany or to have the United Statesalong with
  Great Britain and Francewithdraw from Berlin.

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Section 2-12
Crises of the Cold War (cont.)

• The Soviet leader retaliated by constructing a
  wall through Berlin, stopping movement between
  the Soviet sector and the rest of the city.

• For the next 30 years, the Berlin Wall symbolized
  the Cold War division between East and West.

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FYI 2-3c
Although the city of Berlin had been divided into
East Berlin and West Berlin since the end of
World War II, in August 1961 an actual wall of
concrete, barbed wire, and stone was erected.
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Section 2-12
Crises of the Cold War (cont.)

• During the summer of 1962, American intelligence
  agencies discovered that Soviet technicians and
  equipment had arrived in Cuba.
• Photographs proved that the Soviets had placed
  long-range missiles in Cuba.

• Kennedy ordered a naval blockade to stop the
  Soviets from delivering more missiles.
• As Soviet ships headed toward the blockade,
  Americans braced for war.
• Neither Kennedy nor Khrushchev wanted nuclear
  war.
• Kennedy agreed not to invade Cuba and to remove
  missiles in Turkey.

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Section 2-12
Crises of the Cold War (cont.)

• The Soviets agreed to remove missiles in Cuba.

• The Cuban missile crisis, as it became known,
  brought the world to the edge of a nuclear war.
• Both sides agreed to work out a plan to ease
  tension.
• In 1963 the United States and the Soviet Union
  agreed to a treaty banning the testing of nuclear
  weapons in the atmosphere.

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Section 2-12
Crises of the Cold War (cont.)

• The missile crisis led to the demise of Nikita
  Khrushchev, and the new Soviet leadership was
  less interested in reaching agreements with the
  West.

• The result was a huge Soviet arms buildup.

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Section 2-14
The Death of a President

• On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy was shot
  twice while riding in a presidential motorcade.

• He was pronounced dead a short time later.
• Lee Harvey Oswald, a Marxist, was accused of
  killing Kennedy and was shot and killed himself
  two days later by Jack Ruby.
• It was suspected that Ruby killed Oswald to
  protect others involved in the murder.

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Section 2-15
The Death of a President (cont.)

• Chief Justice Warren concluded that Oswald was
  the lone gunman.

• The report of the Warren Commission left a few
  questions unanswered, and a conspiracy theory has
  persisted, although none has gained wide
  acceptance.
• Kennedys successor, Lyndon Johnson, continued to
  promote many of Kennedys programs.

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M/C 1-1
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Section 3-4
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Section 3-5
28.3 Johnson Takes the Reins

• Lyndon Johnson took office during what seemed
  like a prosperous time for the United States.

• In reality, however, away from the nations
  affluent suburbs were some 50 million poor.
• Kennedy and Johnson made the elimination of
  poverty a major policy goal.

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Section 3-6
Johnson Takes the Reins (cont.)

• Johnson differed from Kennedys elegant society
  image.

• Johnson, a Texan, spoke directly and roughly at
  times.
• He sought ways to find consensus, or general
  agreement.
• His ability to build coalitions made him one of
  the most effective and powerful leaders in Senate
  history.

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Section 3-7
Johnson Takes the Reins (cont.)

• Johnson declared that his administration was
  waging an unconditional war on poverty in
  America.

• By the summer of 1964, Congress had created the
  Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), which
  focused on creating jobs and fighting poverty.
• The election of 1964 had Johnson running against
  Republican candidate Barry Goldwater.

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Section 3-7
Johnson Takes the Reins (cont.)

• Americans were not ready for Goldwaters
  aggressive message, and Johnson won in a
  landslide.

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Section 3-9
The Great Society

• Johnson promised a Great Society during his
  campaign.

• It was the vision of a more perfect, more
  equitable society.
• Between 1965 and 1968, over 60 programs were
  passed, including Medicare and Medicaid.
• Medicare was a health insurance program for the
  elderly funded through Social Security.
• Medicaid financed health care for those on
  welfare or living below the poverty line.

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Why It Matters Transparency
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Section 3-11
The Great Society (cont.)

• Johnson urged Congress to act on legislation
  dealing with the deterioration of inner cities.

• Congress responded with the creation of the
  Department of Housing and Urban Development in
  1965.
• Its first secretary, Robert Weaver, was the first
  African American to serve in a cabinet.

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Section 3-13
Legacy of the Great Society

• The impact of the Great Society was felt by all
  aspects of American life and improved many lives.

• Some Americans opposed the massive growth of
  federal funds and criticized the Great Society
  for intruding too much in their lives.
• There is a continued debate over the success of
  the Great Society.
• It did result in many Americans asking questions,
  questions Americans continue to ask today.

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M/C 3-1
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Chapter Summary 1