The Scientific Revolution

1
The Scientific Revolution
16th 20th Century Philosophy of Science

• New systems Copernican Revolution, Galileo,
  Descartes, Newton
• New reliance on experiment
• Separation of science from politics (ie
  religion government)
• New interest in arguments for the existence of
  God, especially the argument from design

2
The Argument from Design
Natural Theology Rev William Paley, 1802
"In crossing a heath, suppose I pitched my foot
against a stone and were asked how the stone came
to be there, I might possibly answer that for
anything I knew to the contrary it had lain there
forever nor would it, perhaps, be very easy to
show the absurdity of this answer. But suppose I
had found a watch upon the ground, and it should
be inquired how the watch happened to be in that
place, I should hardly think of the answer which
I had before given, that for anything I knew the
watch might have always been there.  Yet why
should not this answer serve for the watch as
well as for the stone?  For this reason, and none
other, viz., that when we come to inspect the
watch, we perceive what we could not discover in
the stone, that its several parts were put
together for a purpose.."
3
Philosophy of Science
Since Newton, science is -Based on reductionist
explanations (Ockhams razor,
parsimony) -Uses only natural explanations
(methodological materialism) -Addresses
How, rather than Why -Testable -Correctible -E
xtendable
4
Discovery of Deep Time
late 18th century mid-19th century
-Hutton No vestige of a beginning,
No prospect of an end -Cuvier Following Newton,
Kant, Laplace, Earth must be 100 million years
old. Successive creation extinction events.
Catastrophism, Progressive creationism
-Lyell, Whewell et al The search for a natural
explanation for mystery of mysteries origin of
species.
5
Charles Darwin
On the view that species are only strongly
marked and permanent varieties, and that each
species first existed as a variety, we can see
why it is that no line of demarcation can be
drawn between species, commonly supposed to have
been produced by special acts of creation, and
varieties which are acknowledged to have been
produced by secondary laws.
6
Charles Darwin
There is grandeur in this view of life, with its
several powers, having been originally breathed
into a few forms or into one and that, whilst
this planet has gone cycling on according to the
fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning
endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful
have been, and are being, evolved.
7
Reconciling Natural History the Bible

• Major 19th- 20th- century views
• Gap Creationism- God created as in the Bible, but
  there was a gap of indeterminate length, perhaps
  millions of years, between the first creation in
  Genesis 11 the second creation in Genesis 12.
  Evolution may have occurred during the long
  period of Genesis 11, but that creation was
  replaced with the current one.
• Day-Age Creationism Interprets the word day
  in Genesis as a metaphor for a period of time
  (see Peter 38 with the Lord one day is as a
  thousand years and a thousand years is as one
  day" ). The days of Genesis are long time
  periods or ages depicting the order of events in
  the creation of the world as corresponding to
  what we see in the fossil record, eg the age of
  invertebrates, then the age of fishes, then the
  age of reptiles, the age of mammals, the age of
  man, etc.

8
Reconciling Natural History the Bible

• Major 19th- 20th- century views
• Progressive Creationism Acknowledges the
  patterns in the fossil record among living
  beings, but says the hand of God creates the new
  species, not natural causes
• --------------------------------------
• Theistic Evolutionism Progressive creationism
  grades into theistic evolutionism, which sees God
  deriving new forms of life from old ones. Some
  theistic evolutionists are very like Progressive
  Creationists as they see the hand of God
  intervening directly in the biology of organisms
  to create the new species. Others accept the
  natural processes of evolutionary biology as
  explanatory, but believe that the system was
  preprogrammed to give rise to humans. Still
  others believe God intervened in human evolution
  at some point to bestow a soul (possibly around
  30,000 years ago when we see the first clear
  signs of art religion). The Pope, and the vast
  majority of working scientists in America are
  theistic evolutionists.

9
Reconciling Natural History the Bible

• Omphalos Creationism Acknowledges the appearance
  of deep time evolutionary progression, but
  interprets this as a sign that God created the
  universe with the appearance of age in order to
  test our faith.
• Satanic Tampering Acknowledges the appearance of
  deep time evolutionary progression, but
  interprets this as the result of the devil
  tampering with Gods creation in order to lead us
  away from God.
• Rev Henry Cole, 1830s the subtle enemy of God
  and man has put the infernal artillery of the
  popular new science of Geology into the hands
  of his vassals to aim at this everlasting
  monument of revealed truth ie scripture.
  sophisticating geologians have been allured by
  his implacable subtleties to enlist themselves in
  the service of his infernal policy. Cole rejects
  the argument from design if the word of God
  does not satisfy them, no scientific hypotheses
  will. Let such be turned out of the field of
  sacred argumentas not worthy of being heard.

10
Theological Issues

• These concerns go to the heart of Christianity
  and are involved in theological debates that date
  back over 1500 years.
• Even well before the scientific revolution, and
  due only to close examination of scripture, the
  fathers of the church emphasized that a literal
  interpretation of Genesis is not possible.
• Saint John Chrysostom (ca 347-407 AD) stressed it
  was essential to bear in mind that Moses tried to
  write only of the appearances of things, adapting
  his language and metaphors to the mindset of the
  Isrealites, who had only recently been released
  from Egyptian slavery and did not have a long
  tradition of scholarship.
• Saint Basil the Great (ca 330-379 AD) explained
• It is probable that something existed before
  this world which we may conceive of in our
  understandings, but of which no narrative has
  been left.
• Homil. I in Hexahemeron

11
Theological Issues
-Martin Luther (1483-1546), leader of the
Protestant Reformation in the introduction to his
commentary on Genesis God has reserved to
himself alone this majesty of wisdom, and the
sound understanding of this chapter leaving to
us the general knowledge, that the world had a
beginning, and was created out of nothing by God.
This general knowledge is clearly derived from
the text. But with respect to the particular
things, there is very much that is involved in
difficulty and doubt, and about which questions
without end are agitated.
12
Theological Issues
It is absolutely certain that reason is among all
things the most excellent, the best of all other
things in this life, yea, something Godlike as
it is the inventress and directress of all
sciences, the medical art, jurisprudence, and
even of all wisdom, energy, virtue, and honor
that men possess in this life. God has not
deprived reason of this glory since the fall of
Adam, but rather has confirmed it. What then is
contrary to reason, is much more contrary to
God. -Martin Luther
13
History of Creationismfmi see Ron Numbers book,
The Creationists

• 1855-1900 Universal acceptance of Geology among
  scientists clerics (ie no publicatiuons
  rejecting the antiquity of the earth, or the
  progressive nature of the fossil record, nor any
  attaching geological significance to the Noachian
  deluge). Acceptance of evolution by the vast
  majority of denominations.
• 1917-1968 Anti-evolutionism The rise of the
  fundamentalist movement included criticism of
  evolution. Scopes trial 1925, illegal to teach
  evolution in many states until 1968. Most
  fundamentalists of the time were Day-Age, Gap, or
  Progressive old-earth creationists. Many, like
  William Jennings Bryan, were theistic
  evolutionists except as regards human beings.
• 1960s-90s Young Earth Creationism Roots in 7th
  Day Adventism, 6 literal days, flood geology.
  Asserted there was scientific evidence for the
  Bibles creation story that evolution was at
  odds with the known laws of physics, eg 2nd law
  of thermodynamics.
• 1980s - Creation Science Promoted laws
  requiring equal time for young-earth creationism
  in public schools. These laws were opposed by
  most Christian denominations, including Southern
  Baptists, as well as Jewish Muslim groups In
  1987 US Supreme Court ruled these
  unconstitutional.
• 1990s Neo-Creationism uses scientists
  tentativeness criticism of each others ideas
  to imply that evolutionists are promoting
  unfounded, philosophical political positions as
  an attack on religious belief.

14
History of Creationism

• Young-Earth Creationism Interprets the word
  day in Genesis to mean a literal 24-hour day
  (even before the sun planets existed). Sees no
  life before Eden, and no death before the Fall.
  Sees fossils geological strata as the result of
  Noahs flood. This movement was started by Henry
  Morris with his 1963 book The Genesis Flood.
• Morris most decisive move was to attempt to take
  Genesis literally, including not just the
  special, separate creation of humans and all
  other species, but the historicity of Noah's
  Flood. Although efforts to make a literal
  interpretation of the Bible compatible with
  science, especially geology, occurred throughout
  the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, The
  Genesis Flood was the first significant
  twentieth-century effort. This book made it
  possible for religious antievolutionists to argue
  that evolution was not only religiously
  objectionable, but also scientifically flawed.
  This led to the Creation Science movement.
• Morris founded the Institute for Creation
  Research in CA. It was the most influential
  creationist organization in the late 20th
  century, but has recently been challenged by
  groups with different creationist philosophies,
  eg Reasons to Believe, the Discovery Institute,
  and Answers in Genesis.

15
History of Creationism

• The legal battle over Creation Science
• Laws from the Scopes era were struck down in 1968
  because they privileged one religious view over
  others, a clear violation of the Constitution.
• The idea emerged among some fundamentalists that
  even if it were no longer possible to ban
  evolution, they could get around the
  establishment clause of the Constitution by
  presenting their religion as science. In 1978, a
  Yale law student named Wendell Bird wrote an
  article in the Yale Law Review presenting a legal
  justification for teaching both evolution and
  creation science, saying that the any scientific
  evidence in favor of creation should be given
  "equal time" in public school classrooms. Bills
  promoting "equal time" for creation science were
  introduced in at least 26 state legislatures.
  Most of them were clones of a model bill
  developed by a South Carolina respiratory
  therapist, Paul Elwanger, which was influenced by
  an ICR model resolution for equal time. The bills
  defined creation science as including the ideas
  of "a worldwide flood" and other YEC mainstays,
  including the special creation of human beings.

16
History of Creationism

• Creation-Science or Scientific Creationism
• Sudden creation of the universe, energy, and life
  from nothing
• The insufficiency of mutation and natural
  selection in bringing about development of all
  living kinds from a single organism
• Changes only within fixed limits of originally
  created kinds of plants and animals
• Separate ancestry for man and apes
• Explanation of the earth's geology by
  catastrophism, including the occurrence of a
  worldwide flood and
• A relatively recent inception of the earth and
  living kinds
• 1981 Arkansas Equal Time Law

17
Is it Science?

• Sudden creation of the universe, energy, and life
  from nothing
• Criterion Yes/No
• Based on reductionist explanations Maybe
• Uses only natural explanations Maybe
• How, rather than Why Maybe
• Testable Yes
• Correctible Yes
• Extendable Maybe
• Basically, the assertion is too vague to tell
  just what its claiming except that the universe
  had a beginning, this issue is somewhat
  contentious in physics, but is supported by
  considerable data in the reductionist mode. The
  word sudden is especially unclear. If it means
  that life appeared at the same time as energy and
  matter, then there is no evidence to support it
  a great deal that demonstrates otherwise that
  the universe began about 14 bya, and life on
  Earth began about 4 bya .

18
Is it Science?

• The insufficiency of mutation and natural
  selection in bringing about development of all
  living kinds from a single organism
• Criterion Yes/No
• Based on reductionist explanations No
• Uses only natural explanations No
• How, rather than Why Yes
• Testable Maybe
• Correctible Maybe
• Extendable No
• The assertion does not make a positive claim. It
  is a statement of doubt, not a hypothesis. It
  might be testable depending on how the word kinds
  is defined. It does not offer a research program.

19
Is it Science?

• Changes only within fixed limits of originally
  created kinds of plants and animals
• Criterion Yes/No
• Based on reductionist explanations No
• Uses only natural explanations No
• How, rather than Why Maybe
• Testable Yes
• Correctible Yes
• Extendable Maybe
• The claim is contradicted by a tremendous number
  of examples of evolving lineages in the fossil
  record (eg fish to tetrapod, reptile to mammal,
  reptile to bird, ape to human) as well as the
  genetics of all life forms thus examined.

20
Is it Science?

• Separate ancestry for man and apes
• Criterion Yes/No
• Based on reductionist explanations No
• Uses only natural explanations Maybe
• How, rather than Why Maybe
• Testable Yes
• Correctible Yes
• Extendable Maybe
• The claim contradicts hundreds of fossils and all
  the genetic and embryological data on living
  primates. The correction is simple Common
  ancestry for humans and apes.

21
Is it Science?

• Explanation of the earth's geology by
  catastrophism, including the occurrence of a
  worldwide flood
• Criterion Yes/No
• Based on reductionist explanations No
• Uses only natural explanations Maybe
• How, rather than Why Maybe
• Testable Yes
• Correctible Maybe
• Extendable Maybe
• The claim for a universal flood is not supported
  by the enormous quantity of data geologists have
  accumulated so far. As no date is given, its
  hard to tell what exactly is meant. Its not out
  of the question that the entire land surface of
  the Earth might have at some point been entirely
  covered with water. However, thus far, plate
  tectonics suggests that some land surface has
  always been above water.

22
Is it Science?

• A relatively recent inception of the earth and
  living kinds
• Criterion Yes/No
• Based on reductionist explanations Maybe
• Uses only natural explanations Maybe
• How, rather than Why Maybe
• Testable Yes
• Correctible Yes
• Extendable Maybe
• The assertion makes a positive claim. The claim
  is inconsistent with a mountain of data. The
  corrected statement is A relatively ancient
  inception of the earth and living kinds,
  specifically an origin approx. 4.6 bya for planet
  Earth, and at least 3.9 bya for life.

23

• ICR Tenets of Scientific Creationism
• The physical universe of space, time, matter, and
  energy has not always existed, but was
  supernaturally created by a transcendent personal
  Creator who alone has existed from eternity.
• The phenomenon of biological life did not develop
  by natural processes from inanimate systems but
  was specially and supernaturally created by the
  Creator.
• Each of the major kinds of plants and animals was
  created functionally complete from the beginning
  and did not evolve from some other kind of
  organism. Changes in basic kinds since their
  first creation are limited to "horizontal"
  changes (variation) within the kinds, or
  "downward' changes (e.g., harmful mutations,
  extinctions).
• The first human beings did not evolve from an
  animal ancestry, but were specially created in
  fully human form from the start. Furthermore, the
  "spiritual" nature of man (self-image, moral
  consciousness, abstract reasoning, language,
  will, religious nature, etc.) is itself a
  supernaturally created entity distinct from mere
  biological life.
• The record of earth history, as preserved in the
  earth's crust, especially in the rocks and fossil
  deposits, is primarily a record of catastrophic
  intensities of natural processes, operating
  largely within uniform natural laws, rather than
  one of gradualism and relatively uniform process
  rates. There are many scientific evidences for a
  relatively recent creation of the earth and the
  universe, in addition to strong scientific
  evidence that most of the earth's fossiliferous
  sedimentary rocks were formed in an even more
  recent global hydraulic cataclysm.
• Processes today operate primarily within fixed
  natural laws and relatively uniform process rates
  but, since these were themselves originally
  created and are daily maintained by their
  Creator, there is always the possibility of
  miraculous intervention in these laws or
  processes by their Creator. Evidences for such
  intervention should be scrutinized critically,
  however, because there must be clear and adequate
  reason for any such action on the part of the
  Creator.
• The universe and life have somehow been impaired
  since the completion of creation, so that
  imperfections in structure, disease, aging,
  extinctions, and other such phenomena are the
  result of "negative" changes in properties and
  processes occurring in an originally-perfect
  created order.
• Since the universe and its primary components
  were created perfect for their purposes in the
  beginning by a competent and volitional Creator,
  and since the Creator does remain active in this
  now-decaying creation, there do exist ultimate
  purposes and meanings in the universe.
  Teleological considerations, therefore, are
  appropriate in scientific studies whenever they
  are consistent with the actual data of
  observation, and it is reasonable to assume that
  the creation presently awaits the consummation of
  the Creator's purpose.
• Although people are finite and scientific data
  concerning origins are always circumstantial and
  incomplete, the human mind (if open to the
  possibility of creation) is able to explore the
  manifestations of that Creator rationally and
  scientifically, and to reach an intelligent
  decision regarding one's place in the Creator's
  plan.

24

• ICR Tenets of Biblical Creationism
• The Creator of the universe is a triune God
  Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. There is only one
  eternal and transcendent God, the source of all
  being and meaning, and He exists in three
  Persons, each of whom participated in the work of
  creation.
• The Bible, consisting of the thirty-nine
  canonical books of the Old Testament and the
  twenty-seven canonical books of the New
  Testament, is the divinely-inspired revelation of
  the Creator to man. Its unique, plenary, verbal
  inspiration guarantees that these writings, as
  originally and miraculously given, are infallible
  and completely authoritative on all matters with
  which they deal, free from error of any sort,
  scientific and historical as well as moral and
  theological.
• All things in the universe were created and made
  by God in the six literal days of the creation
  week described in Genesis 11-23, and confirmed
  in Exodus 208-11. The creation record is
  factual, historical, and perspicuous thus all
  theories of origins or development which involve
  evolution in any form are false. All things which
  now exist are sustained and ordered by God's
  providential care. However, a part of the
  spiritual creation, Satan and his angels,
  rebelled against God after the creation and are
  attempting to thwart His divine purposes in
  creation.
• The first human beings, Adam and Eve, were
  specially created by God, and all other men and
  women are their descendants. In Adam, mankind was
  instructed to exercise "dominion" over all other
  created organisms, and over the earth itself (an
  implicit commission for true science, technology,
  commerce, fine art, and education) but the
  temptation by Satan and the entrance of sin
  brought God's curse on that dominion and on
  mankind, culminating in death and separation from
  God as the natural and proper consequence.
• The Biblical record of primeval earth history in
  Genesis 1-11 is fully historical and perspicuous,
  including the creation and fall of man, the curse
  on the creation and its subjection to the bondage
  of decay, the promised Redeemer, the worldwide
  cataclysmic deluge in the days of Noah, the
  post-diluvian renewal of man's commission to
  subdue the earth (now augmented by the
  institution of human govemment) and the origin of
  nations and languages at the tower of Babel.
• The alienation of man from his Creator because of
  sin can only be remedied by the Creator Himself,
  who became man in the person of the Lord Jesus
  Christ, through miraculous conception and virgin
  birth. In Christ were indissolubly united perfect
  sinless humanity and full deity, so that His
  substitutionary death is the only necessary and
  sufficient price of man's redemption. That the
  redemption was completely efficacious is assured
  by His bodily resurrection from the dead and
  ascension into heaven the resurrection of Christ
  is thus the focal point of history, assuring the
  consummation of God's purposes in creation.
• The final restoration of creation's perfection is
  yet future, but individuals can immediately be
  restored to fellowship with their Creator, on the
  basis of His redemptive work on their behalf,
  receiving forgiveness and etemal life solely
  through personal trust in the Lord Jesus Christ,
  accepting Him not only as estranged Creator but
  also as reconciling Redeemer and coming King.
  Those who reject Him, however, or who neglect to
  believe on Him, thereby continue in their state
  of rebellion and must ultimately be consigned to
  the everlasting fire prepared for the devil and
  his angels.

25
History of Creationism

• 1980s - Creation Science
• Arkansas' equal time law was declared
  unconstitutional in 1982 after a full trial.
  Opposing the law were leaders of many religious
  organizations. Joining the lead plaintiff,
  Methodist Rev. Bill McLean, were bishops other
  leaders of Roman Catholic, Episcopalian, African
  Methodist Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Southern
  Baptist churches, and Reform Jews. A leading New
  York law firm assembled an all-star cast of
  witnesses from the fields of science, philosophy
  of science, education, and theology. The McLean
  v. Arkansas decision was a rousing victory for
  the anticreationists Federal District Judge
  Overton not only struck down the law, but
  declared that creation science failed as science.
  Having lost badly, the state did not appeal.
  The failure of the Arkansas equal time law
  slowed but did not halt the effort to pass
  legislation. At virtually the same time as the
  Arkansas decision was being issued, Louisiana
  passed a similar equal time law which was
  challenged by both proponents and opponents one
  side suing to immediately implement the law, and
  the other requesting an injunction. The was no
  full trial. In 1987, the US Supreme Court decided
  in Edwards v. Aguillard that equal time laws like
  Louisiana's violated the establishment clause of
  the First Amendment of the Constitution because
  they promoted the views of a particular religious
  sect.

26
History of Creationism
The religious agenda of Creation-Science is
clear "God used processes which are not now
operating anywhere in the natural universe. This
is why we refer to divine creation as special
creation. We cannot discover by scientific
investigation anything about the creative
processes used by God." --Duane Gish, Evolution
The Fossils Say No, p. 42 "As a missionary
organization, ICR is funded by God's people. We
believe God has raised up ICR to spearhead
Biblical Christianity's defense against the
godless dogma of evolutionary humanism. Only by
showing the scientific bankruptcy of evolution,
while exalting Christ and the Bible, will
Christians be successful in 'the pulling down of
strongholds casting down imaginations, and every
high thing that exaltheth itself against the
knowledge of God, and bringing into captivity
every thought to the obedience of Christ' (II
Corinthians 104,5)." --ICR Webpage The only
way we can determine the true age of the earth is
for God to tell us what it is. And since he has
told us, very plainly, in the Holy Scriptures
that it is several thousand years of age, and no
more, that ought to settle all basic questions of
terrestrial chronology." --Henry Morris,
Remarkable Birth, p. 94
27
History of Creationism

• 1990s-present Neo-Creationism
• Intelligent Design Creationism- a homage to
  Paleys argument from design, in large part,
  Intelligent Design Creationism is used today as
  an umbrella anti-evolution position under which
  creationists of all flavors may unite in an
  attack on scientific methodology in general. A
  common tenet of IDC is that any acceptance of
  evolution equates to metaphysical materialism (ie
  the belief that all aspects of reality are
  explained by natural causes, ie that science has
  proven that there is no God.).
• Non-Christian Creationisms- Accept various
  anti-evolution arguments (like those of
  Intelligent Design) but say their religion offers
  a more adequate creation account.

28
History of Creationism

• Intelligent Design relies on the failure of
  scientific explanations. If those explanations
  should happen not to fail, Design would become
  superfluous.
• "What I want to focus on here, however, is not
  the testing of Darwinism and design against the
  broad body of biological data, but the related
  question of which theory can accommodate the
  greater range of biological possibilities...
  First off, let's be clear that design can
  accommodate all the results of Darwinism.
  Intelligent design does not repudiate the
  Darwinian mechanism. It merely assigns it a lower
  status than Darwinism does. The Darwinian
  mechanism does operate in nature and insofar as
  it does, design can live with its deliverances.
  Even if the Darwinian mechanism could be shown to
  do all the design work for which design theorists
  want to invoke design (say for the bacterial
  flagellum), a design-theoretic framework would
  not destroy any valid findings of science. To be
  sure, design would then become superfluous, but
  it would not become contradictory or
  self-refuting.
• -William Dembski
• http//www.meta-list.org

29
Daniel Liethas comics highlight the differences
between a scientific approach to the natural
world one based on attempts to interpret the
Bible literally. See more of his cartoons at
http//members.truepath.com/DanL/CWstrips.html
30
The cartoons demonstrate that the
creation-evolution debate is not science vs
religion, but religion vs religion, ie competing
interpretations of the Bible.
31

• How do Young Earthers differ from Progressive
  Creationists?
• Example Hugh Ross Duane Gish debate on Jim
  Dobsons Focus on the Family evangelical radio
  program
• Gish Now Hugh in his view - in his big bang
  cosmology, big bang cosmology is a natural
  process that begins with this big bang, and
  following the big bang then as this hydrogen and
  helium distributed itself throughout the universe
  and as stars evolved and galaxies evolved and our
  solar system created itself and so on.. That's
  been going on for, say, 15, 16, 17, 18 billion
  years. Well in a process like that, you see, I
  don't see any difference between that view and
  that of any atheist cosmologist or any
  unbelieving cosmologist who believes in the big
  bang, I can't see the difference and I don't see
  the agreement between this natural evolutionary
  origin of the universe and the universe that God
  created in the book of Genesis. In other words
  certainly if creation is not finished - Hugh
  believes that stars are still forming today you
  see, so we still - evolutionary creation has been
  going on for 18 billion years.
• See the whole debate at http//www.talkorigins.org
  /faqs/gish-ross-debate.html

32

• How do Young Earthers differ from Progressive
  Creationists?
• Dobson
• For those who have not read on this subject -
  they may be lost already - explain what the big
  bang theory is.
• Ross
• Well the big bang theory is the theory that
  there's a beginning - a creation event, and that
  moreover this creation event was caused by a
  being that transcends matter energy length,
  width, height and time - that's what I mean by
  transcendent. If you go into Hinduism or Buddhism
  they say that time is eternal that the cosmos is
  eternal, that the cosmos oscillates. And what the
  big bang does for us is prove that these
  religions are false and that only the Christian
  interpretation of the cosmos is correct.
• See the whole debate at
• www.talkorigins.org/faqs/gish-ross-debate.html

33
"Evolution is at the foundation of communism,
fascism, Freudianism, social darwinism,
behaviorism, Kinseyism, materialism, atheism, and
in the religious world, modernism and
neo-orthodoxy" -Henry Morris 1963, Genesis Flood
p. 24
34
Theological Debates
    There is still a great need today to
reaffirm the fundamental doctrines of
Christianity, especially when we consider "The
Jesus Seminar," "Evangelicals and Catholics
Together," the current push by the Mormons to
present themselves as just another Christian
denomination, and a host of other groups claiming
to be Christian who deny these core truths. John
MacArthur's book Reckless Faith, published by
Crossway Books is an excellent, brief analysis of
present day doctrinal compromise. From The
Fundamentals website http//www.xmission.com/fid
elis/index.html
35
Theological Debates
We are concerned with Christian faith not
Catholic or Protestant faith. There is only one
Christ. There is one God. -Billy Graham