Modals I

1
Modals (I)

• future tenses
• hypothesis

2
The Future

• 3 structures are used to refer to the future in
  English
• present continuous ( future reference)
• to be going to infinitive
• will infinitive

3

• The present continuous is used for future events
  that are certain to happen
• Are you doing anything special this evening?
• Im going out with a friend.

4

• to be going to infinitive is used in 2 ways.
• 1. to predict immediate and inevitable events
• I think Im going to sneeze.
• 2. to express future intention.
• Youre all going to pass this exam.

5

• Will infinitive is used in 4 different ways.
• 1. Will infinitive is used to express a strong
  intention to do something. The word will, or (not
  in will not) is stressed
• I will go to the gym this evening.
• compare to... Im going to the gym this evening
• I will not feel guilty about not going.
• this is the same as... I refuse to feel guilty...

6

• 2. Will infinitive is used to predict events in
  the future. (see also expressing hypotheses)
• The Moon in Pisces will make you feel dreamy
  but dont forget to pay that bill!

7

• 3. Will infinitive is used to express threats
  and promises
• When hes finished with you, youll wish youd
  never been born!
• Ill write soon.

8

• 4. Will infinitive is used to express 2 kinds
  of spontaneous decisions
• i) ordering food in a restaurant or goods in a
  shop
• Ill have the steak and kidney pie.
• ii) offers of help, when you expect no
  resistance
• Ill give you a hand with that, shall I?
• compare to
• Can I give you a hand with that?

9
The conditional tense

• As a general rule, the conditional tense in
  English is formed with would infinitive
• Would you like a glass of wine with your meal?
• If you want to express a preference, you can use
  would rather / would sooner
• I'd rather not discuss that, if you don't mind.
• I'd sooner die than be seen wearing that!

10
Expressing hypotheses

• There are 4 basic structures that are used to
  express hypothesis.
• 0 conditional reality
• 1st conditional probability
• 2nd conditional possibility
• 3rd conditional imaginary past

11
0 (zero) conditional

• If / When present tense, then present tense
• He always complains when we come here.
• Si lamenta sempre quando veniamo qui
• If I forget to use sun cream, my skin burns.
• Se dimentico di usare la crema solare, mi ustiono
  la pelle.

12
1st conditional

• If present tense, then future
• If youve ever met her, youll know what Im
  talking about...
• Se la conosci, saprai di che cosa sto parlando
• If you go and see the film, youll love it
• Se andrai a vedere il film, ti farà impazzire

13
2nd conditional

• If past simple/ past continuous, then modal
  (would/could/might) infinitive
• If the Euro didnt exist, we would still have to
  use the Lira.
• Se non esistesse leuro, dovremmo ancora usare la
  lira.

14
Third conditional

• If past perfect, then modal have past
  participle
• If Iraq hadnt been invaded, would Islamic
  terrorism have disappeared?
• Se lIraq non fosse stato invaso, sarebbe
  scomparso il terrorismo islamico?

15
Common mixed structures

• If past then any modal tense
• If you went to the meeting you will have heard
  that hes going to resign.
• Se foste andati alla riunione, avreste sentito
  che si dimette
• Would anti-American sentiment be so strong now
  if the US hadnt invaded Iraq then?
• Il sentimento anti-americano sarebbe così sentito
  ora se gli USA non avessero invaso lIraq
  allora?

16
(No Transcript)