Modals Gist

1
Modals - Gist
can, couldwill be able to
????
Ability??????, ???????????
??????, ????????
must, to have to
Obligation???????????
should, ought to
?????
Advice ?????
Permission ??????????
can, may, could
?????
2
Modals
????
Ability
can
- I can swim
can
Present
could
Past
- I could swim
Future
to be able to -
I will be able to swim after 5 lessons
!
? ?? ????? ?????
I wish I could ...
????, ? ?? ????
3
Modals
Obligation
??????? ????????????????
??? ?????
must
to have to
Present Future
I must call Pete.
I have to go in 5 m.
He has to go in 5 m.
4
Modals
Past
I had to call Pete.
He had to go in 5 m.
Negative
???? ??????, ?????????????
?? ?????
You mustnt call.
You dont have to go.
He doesnt have to go.
Questions
Do you have to call?
Does he have to go?
5
Modals
Advice
?????
1
2
should
ought to Lt
Present Future
You should go to the library.
You ought to go to the library.
6
Modals
Permission
?????
1
3
2
may
can
could
Present Future
May/Could/Can I go to a party?
Past
??? ?????????
I was allowed to go to a party
?? ??? ????????
You let me go to a party
7
Modals - Gist
10
may, might, could
possibility???????????
????? ????
probability ???????????
should, ought to
50
c????? ?????
cant, must
99
certainty???????????
?????
8
Modals
Possibility
????? ????
may
less likely to happen
might
could
Ex. He may/could/might drive home.
Continuous ???????? ???????? ???????
Ex. He may/could/might be driving home.
9
Modals
Probability
?????? ?????
1
2
should
ought to
Ex. He should/ought to drive home.
Continuous ???????? ???????? ???????
Ex. He should/ought to be driving home.
10
Modals
Certainty
Im sure?????

-
must
cant
Ex. He must drive home.
He cant work.
Continuous ???????? ???????? ???????
Ex. He must be driving home.
He cant be working.
11
Modals Perfect Perfect Continuous
Modal perfect to talk about the past
modal perfect modal have V3
Modal perfect continuous for actions in progress
or interupted and to emphasise that an action
continued for a long time
modal perfect continuous modal have been
Ving
12
Modals Perfect Perfect Continuous
She may have written it.
may, might, could
possibility????????
She may have been writing it.
She must have written it.
certainty??????
cant, must
She must have been writing it.
She should have written it.
should, ought to
opinionc????????
She should have been writing it.
hypothetical situations ????????????
could,would
She could have written it.
If
She could have been writing it.