Nonproliferation

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Nonproliferation Arms Control Division
Tutorial
Institute of Nuclear Materials Management
Email inmm_at_inmm.org
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IntroductionWelcome to the Tutorial
Welcome to the tutorial prepared by the
Nonproliferation and Arms Control Division of the
Institute of Nuclear Materials Management (INMM).
This tutorial has been designed to provide a
basic understanding of the substance and
activities concerning nonproliferation and arms
control as they relate to nuclear materials
management.
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Nuclear Materials Management is the act, manner
or practice of managing, handling, supervising,
and/or controlling nuclear material and other
related nuclear scientific technology and
knowledge.
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Proliferation, Nonproliferation Arms Control
International Legal Agreements International
Political Agreements International Bodies He
lpful Resources
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Proliferation Nonproliferation
With respect to the field of nuclear materials
management Proliferation refers to the spread
of nuclear, chemical, and/or biological weapons,
also known as weapons of mass destruction (WMD),
including associated delivery systems and
scientific know-how, to nations or non-state
actors not already in possession of such
capabilities. Nonproliferation refers to the a
ction or practice of preventing and/or limiting
the spread of weapons of mass destruction.
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Arms Control
Arms control is any multilateral or unilateral
measure taken to reduce or control a weapons
arsenal. This includes treaties, agreements,
understandings, and/or multilateral commitments.
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A distinction.. While nonproliferation is intend
ed to prevent the spread of weapons of mass
destruction, arms control is intended to reduce
or limit existing arsenals.
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The Origin and Development of Nonproliferation
and Arms Control
After the world witnessed the unimaginable
destruction caused by the first nuclear attack,
it became clear that nuclear weapons would
drastically alter global power and security.
Nuclear capability became synonymous with state
identity, global respect, and pride. The United
States and Russia raced to create the largest and
most modern nuclear arsenals. As the arsenals of
these two countries rapidly increased, reaching
astronomical levels at the height of the Cold
War, it was apparent that legal and political
controls were needed to prevent the potentially
destructive consequences of global proliferation
and to establish limits on arsenal levels. A
complex international nonproliferation regime,
consisting of bilateral and multilateral legal
and political agreements and international
bodies, was created. Today, with the threats of
terrorism and nuclear acquisition by rogue
states, nonproliferation and arms control efforts
remain crucial to international security.
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International Legal Agreements
1922 Conference on the Limitation of Armament
1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
1969-1972 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT
I) 1972 Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention
(BTWC) 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM)
1972-1986 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT
II) 1987 Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treat
y (INF) 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (ST
ART I) 1993 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (STA
RT II) 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) 1
996 Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
(CTBT) 2002 Strategic Offensive Reductions Treat
y (SORT) 2004 United Nations Security Council Re
solution 1540 Proposed Fissile Material Cutoff T
reaty (FMCT)
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Conference on the Limitation of Armament (1922)

• Also known as the Washington Naval Treaty
• Involved the U.S., British Empire, France, Italy,
  Japan
  
• 1st modern arms control policy between world
  powers
  
• Put restrictions on each countrys armament,
  including
  
• Number and caliber of armaments
• Tonnage for each naval vessel
• Number of vessels of each type
• The failure of this treaty contributed to the
  start of WWII
  
• Additional information Treaty text

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Legal Agreements
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Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) (1968)

• The foremost nonproliferation treaty
• All but 4 countries have joined India, Israel,
  Pakistan, North Korea (withdrew in 2003)
  
• Aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to
  additional states, while still allowing for
  access to peaceful nuclear technology under
  international safeguards
• Grand Bargain Non-nuclear weapons states promise
  not to develop nuclear weapons, and in exchange,
  declared nuclear weapons states provide the
  benefits of nuclear technology to non-nuclear
  weapons states and commit to nuclear
  disarmament.
• Elements of the treaty
• Forbids non-nuclear member states from developing
  nuclear weapons
  
• Forbids the 5 declared nuclear states from
  transferring the technology to other states
  
• Provides for international safeguards
• Commits member states to pursue good faith
  negotiations towards achieving disarmament
  
• Additional information NPT Tutorial

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Legal Agreements
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The NPT in context
Legal Agreements
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Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I)

• Took place between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
  between 1969 and 1972
  
• Result of the talks
• The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM)
• Interim Agreement on strategic offensive arms
• 5 year duration
• This agreement was replaced by SALT II
• Additional information
• SALT I narrative
• Interim Agreement
• ABM

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Legal Agreements
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Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) (1972)

• Between the United States and the Soviet Union
• Primarily concerned with maintaining the nuclear
  deterrent status quo
  
• Restricted ballistic missile defense systems to 2
  for each country
  
• One to protect each countrys capitol city
• One inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM)
  launch area of choice
  
• The United States withdrew from this treaty in
  2002
  
• Additional information Narrative and Treaty text

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Legal Agreements
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Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BTWC)
(1972)

• The 1st multilateral disarmament treaty banning
  an entire category of weapons
  
• Prohibits the development, production,
  acquisition, transfer, retention, stockpiling
  and/or use of biological and toxic weapons
  
• Additional information BTWC Website

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Legal Agreements
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Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II)

• 2nd round of talks between the U.S. and the
  Soviet Union
  
• Took place between 1972 and 1986
• Attempted to replace the Interim Agreement from
  SALT I with a more comprehensive, long-term
  treaty that placed limits on strategic offensive
  arms
• An agreement was signed in 1979, but was never
  ratified and therefore never entered into force
  
• While both nations complied with the provisions
  of SALT II until 1986, the Soviet invasion of
  Afghanistan in 1980 caused the eventual failure
  of the talks.
• Additional information SALT II

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Legal Agreements
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Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF)
(1987)

• Between the United States and the Soviet Union
• Required the elimination of all U.S. and Soviet
  short-range and intermediate range (300-3400
  miles) nuclear and conventional ground-launched
  ballistic and cruise missiles
• Also provided for rigorous verification and
  inspection provisions
  
• In February 2007, Russian President Putin
  declared that the INF no longer serves the
  interests of Russia. This was largely in reaction
  to the proposal of the United States to place
  part of a missile defense system in Poland and
  the Czech Republic. Putin has threatened to
  withdraw from the treaty, but has yet to do so.
• Additional information INF

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Legal Agreements
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Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) (1991)

• Bilateral agreement between the United States and
  the Soviet Union (Note after the Soviet Union
  dissolved in December 1991, START applied to four
  former Soviet states Russia, Ukraine, Belarus
  and Kazakhstan)
• It provided for deep reductions in strategic
  offensive nuclear arms with equal limits for both
  countries
  
• It also included extensive verification
  provisions
  
• In December 2001, the United States and Russia
  successfully reached the required levels of 6000
  deployed warheads.
  
• Additional information START I

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Legal Agreements
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Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START II) (1993)

• United States, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan,
  Belarus
  
• Further reduced limits on strategic nuclear arms
  to no more than 3000-3500 warheads
  
• Included a clause calling for the elimination of
  all land-based intercontinental ballistic
  missiles (ICBMs) outfitted with multiple
  independently-targetable reentry vehicles
  (MIRVs)
• The United States withdrawal from the
  Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in 2002 prompted
  the Russian government to declare that they are
  no longer bound by their signature on START II
  and its associated protocols.
• Additional information START I

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Legal Agreements
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Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) (1993)

• Bans the development, production, stockpiling,
  transfer and use of chemical weapons, as well as
  stipulating their timely destruction.
  
• Created the Organization for the Prohibition of
  Chemical Weapons (OPCW) for verification
  purposes
  
• Additional information CWC

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Legal Agreements
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Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
(1996)

• This treaty was opened for signature in 1996, but
  has still not entered into force due to the lack
  of the required number of ratifications. The
  United States has signed, but not ratified the
  CTBT.
• Basic provisions
• Each State Party undertakes not to carry out any
  nuclear weapon test explosion or any other
  nuclear explosion, and to prohibit and prevent
  such nuclear explosion at any place under its
  jurisdiction or control
• Each State Party undertakes, furthermore, to
  refrain from causing, encouraging, or in any way
  participating in the carrying out of any nuclear
  weapon test explosion or any other nuclear
  explosion
• Additional information April 2007 Congressional
  Report CTBT

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Legal Agreements
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Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT)
(2002)

• Bilateral agreement between the United States and
  Russia
  
• Reduces limits on strategic nuclear warheads to
  1700-2200 for each state
  
• Implementation deadline December 31, 2012
• Additional information SORT

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Legal Agreements
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540
(UNSCR 1540)

• Adopted by the UN Security Council in April 2004
• Three main provisions
• Prohibition on supporting non-state actors in
  developing, acquiring, possessing, transporting,
  transferring or using nuclear, biological or
  chemical weapons and their means of delivery
• Requirement that states implement domestic
  legislation that helps to ensure the previous
  provision
  
• Requirement that states implement domestic
  controls to prevent the proliferation of nuclear,
  chemical or biological weapons and their means of
  delivery, including the controls on related
  materials
• Created the 1540 Committee to monitor compliance
• Additional information 1540 Committee Website

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Legal Agreements
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Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty (FMCT)

• This is a proposed multilateral treaty it is
  not in force
  
• Proposes a ban on the production of fissile
  material for nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive
  devices
  
• The United States has concluded that this treaty
  is unverifiable and has proposed a draft treaty
  without the verification provisions. An agreement
  has yet to be reached.
• Additional information FMCT

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Legal Agreements
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References International Legal Agreements
START I http//www.fas.org/nuke/control/start1/in
dex.html START II http//www.fas.org/nuke/cont
rol/start2/index.html http//www.armscontrol.org/
factsheets/start2chron.asp CWC http//www.opcw
.org/ http//www.un.org/Depts/dda/WMD/cwc CTBT
http//www.ctbto.org/ http//www.nti.org/e_rese
arch/e3_9a.html http//www.fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/R
L33548.pdf SORT http//www.whitehouse.gov/new
s/releases/2002/05/20020524-3.html
UNSCR 1540 http//disarmament2.un.org/Committee
1540/ FMCT http//www.nti.org/e_research/cnwm/
ending/fmct.asp

• Conference on the Limitation of Armament
• http//www.ibiblio.org/pha/pre-war/1922/
• nav_lim.html
• NPT
• http//www.nti.org/h_learnmore/npttutorial/
• index.html
• http//www.state.gov/t/isn/trty/16281.htm
• SALT I
• http//www.state.gov/t/ac/trt/5191.htm
• ABM
• http//www.state.gov/t/isn/trty/16332.htm
• http//www.state.gov/t/ac/rls/fs/2001/6848.htm
• BTWC
• http//www.opbw.org/

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International Political Agreements

• United States and Russia
• Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR)
• Megatons to Megawatts
• Nuclear Material Protection, Control and
  Accounting (MPCA)

• Global Agreements
• International Safeguards
• International State Systems for Accounting and
  Control Advisory Service (ISSAS)
  
• IAEA International Physical Protection Advisory
  Service (IPPAS)
  
• Export Control
• Second Line of Defense (SLD)
• Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)
• Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones (NWFZ)
• Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)

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U.S./RussiaCooperative Threat Reduction (CTR)

• Operated jointly by the U.S. Department of
  Defense, Department of Energy, Department of
  State and Department of Commerce
  
• Provides assistance to the new independent states
  (NIS) of the former Soviet Union in the securing
  of their nuclear weapons, weapons-usable
  materials and delivery systems
• Assists NIS in dismantling nuclear warheads and
  their delivery systems
  
• Additional information CTR

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Political Agreements
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U.S./RussiaMegatons to Megawatts

• Commercially financed, government-industry
  partnership between the U.S. and Russia
  
• Weapons-grade uranium (HEU) from dismantled
  Russian warheads is converted into low-enriched
  uranium (LEU) which is then used to fuel American
  nuclear power plants
• As of April 2007
• 300 metric tons of HEU has been converted into
  8775 metric tons of LEU
  
• 12,000 nuclear warheads eliminated
• Additional information Megatons Website HEU to
  LEU step-by-step

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Political Agreements
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U.S./RussiaMaterial Protection, Control and
Accounting (MPCA)

• Originally part of the CTR, now operated by the
  Department of Energys National Nuclear Security
  Administration (NNSA) in association with various
  U.S. National Laboratories
• Aims to reduce the threat of nuclear terrorism by
  working with the Russian government to secure
  nuclear weapons and materials at sites throughout
  Russia and the former Soviet states
• The U.S. currently funds security upgrades,
  training and operating costs at these sites, but
  is working on sustaining the program and
  transferring responsibility to the Russians by
  2013.
• Additional information NNSA NA-25

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Political Agreements
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MPCA Sites
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GlobalInternational Safeguards

• These safeguards work to detect the diversion of
  nuclear materials from use in peaceful activities
  to use in the manufacturing of nuclear weapons
  
• For detailed information, please refer to the
  INMM International Safeguards Division Tutorial

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Political Agreements
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GlobalInternational State Systems for
Accounting and Control Advisory Service (ISSAS)

• IAEA program that provides assistance to Member
  States in strengthening their state nuclear
  material accounting and control systems
  
• Support is offered to any country that has
  nuclear materials or facilities
  
• ISSAS missions compare the systems in place in
  each Member State with the requirements in
  international safeguards agreements and practices
  in other countries
• Additional information IAEA Promoting Nuclear
  Security

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Political Agreements
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GlobalInternational Physical Protection
Advisory Service (IPPAS)

• An IAEA program in existence since 1995
• Assists Member States in the improvement of the
  physical protection of their nuclear facilities
  and materials
  
• At the request of a Member State, the IAEA will
  assemble an expert team to analyze the physical
  protection programs of the State, compare it to
  international best practices and make
  recommendations for improvement
• Additional information IAEA IPPAS Guidelines

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Political Agreements
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GlobalExport Control

• Regulations put in place by governments to
  control the movement between countries of items,
  including technology, that could be used in the
  production of nuclear weapons
• The goal is to prevent the proliferation of
  nuclear goods and technology to states and
  persons who should not have them, and to prevent
  dual-use goods intended for peaceful purposes
  from being used to make nuclear weapons.
• Each government has its own export control
  regime. In the United States, export controls are
  maintained and enforced by various executive
  branch agencies Departments of State, Commerce,
  Defense, Homeland Security, Energy, Treasury and
  the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
• Multilateral regimes also exist to facilitate
  cooperation between countries. These include
  Nuclear Suppliers Group, Zangger Committee,
  Missile Technology Control Regime
• For additional information Export Control

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Political Agreements
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GlobalSecond Line of Defense (SLD)
Operated by the US Department of Energy, National
Nuclear Security Administration

• SLD Core Program
• Provides security upgrades at worldwide borders
  and crossings points to prevent the smuggling of
  nuclear and radiological materials.
  
• Upgrades include fixed and handheld monitoring
  and detection equipment, personnel training and
  communication tools

• Megaports Initiative
• Installs and maintains monitoring and detection
  equipment at seaports around the world to prevent
  illicit trafficking in nuclear and radiological
  materials
• Additional Information NNSA SLD Megaports

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Political Agreements
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GlobalMissile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)

• A voluntary organization of 34 countries whose
  goal is to prevent the proliferation of delivery
  systems capable of carrying chemical, biological
  or nuclear weapons
• The MTCR is based on adherence to a set of export
  licensing guidelines applied to unmanned delivery
  systems and related materials and technology
  
• Additional information MTCR

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Political Agreements
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GlobalNuclear-Weapon-Free Zones (NWFZ)

• A NWFZ is a group of countries who agree not to
  develop, manufacture, stockpile, acquire or
  possess any nuclear explosive device within the
  zone.
• In exchange, declared nuclear weapons states
  promise not to use nuclear weapons against NWFZ
  countries (However, declared nuclear countries
  can make declarations in NWFZ agreements
  outlining certain instances when they could use
  nuclear weapons against a NWFZ state)
• The right of countries to form NWFZs is affirmed
  by Article 7 of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
  Treaty (NPT)
  
• Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones
• Latin America/Caribbean Treaty of Tlatelolco
• South Pacific Treaty of Rarotonga
• Southeast Asia Treaty of Bangkok
• Africa Treaty of Pelindaba (This treaty has not
  entered into force due to lack of required
  signatures from African states)
  
• Mongolia has declared itself a NWFZ and this is
  recognized by the UN New Zealand is seeking
  official NWFZ status
  
• In addition, the Seabed Treaty, Antarctic Treaty,
  Outer Space Treaty and Moon Agreement establish
  NWFZs
  
• Additional information NWFZ Tutorial

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Political Agreements
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Map of Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zones
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Political Agreements
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GlobalProliferation Security Initiative (PSI)

• Established by the Bush Administration in 2003
  with 10 other countries the U.S. State
  Department now states that over 70 countries
  support the program
• Multinational effort to combat the proliferation
  of nuclear materials worldwide through
  interdiction
  
• PSI is an activity designed to build a web of
  global partnerships through which proliferators
  will have a difficult time illicitly trafficking
  nuclear materials
• PSI partners work to develop new methods of WMD
  interdiction and rigorously apply established
  methods of interdiction at sea, in the air, and
  on land
• Approaches to interdiction
• States review their own legal authorities to
  ensure they can take action and examine ways to
  strengthen domestic laws
  
• Ship-boarding agreements between states are put
  in place
  
• Multinational interdiction
• exercises
• Additional information PSI

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Political Agreements
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ReferencesInternational Political Agreements

• CTR
• http//www.fas.org/nuke/control/ctr/index.html
• http//www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/russia/forasst/nunn
  _lug/overview.htm
  
• Megatons to Megawatts
• http//www.usec.com/v2001_02/HTML/megatons.asp
• http//www.usec.com/v2001_02/HTML/megatons_stepbys
  tep.asp
  
• MPCA
• http//www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/russia/fulltext/doe
  _mpca/doe2000/mpca00en.htm
  
• http//www.nnsa.doe.gov/na-20/na25_index.shtml
• International Safeguards
• http//www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcirc
  s/1998/infcirc540corrected.pdf
  
• PSI
• http//www.state.gov/t/np/c10390.htm

ISSAShttp//www.iaea.org/Publications/Factsheets/
English/nuclsecurity.pdf http//www-ns.iaea.org/s
ecurity/prevention.htm IPPAS http//www.iaea.o
rg/OurWork/SS/Protection/foreword.html
SLD http//www.nnsa.doe.gov/na-20/sld.shtml ht
tp//www.nnsa.doe.gov/na-20/na25_index.shtml
MTCR http//www.mtcr.info/english/index.html
NWFZ http//www.nti.org/h_learnmore/nwfztutorial
/index.html http//www.armscontrol.org/factsheets
/nwfz.asp
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International Bodies

• United Nations (UN)
• United Nations Security Council (UNSC)
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
• Zangger Committee
• Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
• Conference on Disarmament (CD)
• G-8 Global Partnership

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United Nations (UN)

• International organization founded in 1945
• Consists of 192 Member States
• Aims to promote peace and security, develop and
  maintain friendly relations among countries, and
  promote social progress and human rights
  
• The UN and Nonproliferation Arms Control
• Provides a forum for international
• negotiations
• Can impose sanctions on countries for
• violating international standards and laws
• Formulates resolutions for action
• Additional information UN

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Bodies
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United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

• Permanent members United States, United Kingdom,
  France, China, Russia also 10 non-permanent
  members that serve 2 year terms
  
• Non-Proliferation and Arms Control functions
• Investigates situations that may cause
  international friction and can recommend
  solutions
  
• Can impose sanctions on aggressor states
• Can take military action on an aggressor
• Formulates resolutions for
• action
• Additional information
• UNSC

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Bodies
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International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

• Established in 1957 as the Atoms for Peace
  organization in the UN, but now an independent
  international organization
  
• Works with its 144 Member States to promote the
  safe, secure and peaceful use of nuclear
  technology
  
• 3 main pillars of work
• Safeguards and verification
• Safety and security
• Science and technology
• Additional information
• IAEA

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Zangger Committee

• Formed with the coming into force of the NPT
• Also known as the NPT Exporters Committee
• Focuses on interpreting the export control
  guidelines in Article 3, paragraph 2 of the NPT
  
• Article 3.2 essentially states that all Parties
  to the NPT should not export nuclear equipment
  and/or materials to non-nuclear-weapon states
  unless the export is subject to IAEA safeguards
• Additional information Zangger Committee

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Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)

• Established in 1974 after India, a non-nuclear
  state, conducted its first detonation of a
  nuclear device, demonstrating to the world that
  the peaceful transfer of nuclear technology could
  be misused
• A group of 45 nuclear supplier countries
• Aims to prevent nuclear proliferation by
  establishing export control guidelines and
  incorporating those guidelines into the domestic
  laws of each Member State
• Additional information NSG

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Conference on Disarmament (CD)

• Established in 1979 as the single multilateral
  disarmament negotiation forum of the
  international community
  
• 65 Member States
• Current issues
• Forming international agreements to promote
  nuclear
  
• disarmament and arms control
• Prevention of nuclear war
• Nuclear disarmament and
• nonproliferation
• Transparency
• Additional information
• CD

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G8 Global Partnership

• An informal partnership of the Heads of State of
  eight major countries France, Germany, United
  States, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, Canada,
  Russia
• These leaders meet annually to discuss global
  concerns and formulate solutions
  
• At the G8 Summit in Kananaskis, Canada in 2002,
  the leaders established the G8 Global
  Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and
  Materials of Mass Destruction.
• Under this initiative, the G8 will support
  cooperation projects aimed at nonproliferation,
  disarmament, counter-terrorism and nuclear
  safety
• Additional information
• Kananaskis Initiative

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Bodies
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ReferencesInternational Bodies

• United Nations
• http//www.un.org/
• UNSC
• http//www.un.org/Docs/sc/
• IAEA
• http//www.iaea.org/
• Zangger Committee
• http//www.zanggercommittee.org/Zangger/default.ht
  m
  
• NSG
• http//www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/default.htm
• CD
• http//www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/2D
  415EE45C5FAE07C12571800055232B?OpenDocument
  
• G-8 Global Partnership

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A Helpful Resource

• The following link connects you to a tutorial on
  Weapons of Mass Destruction issues developed by
  the Henry L. Stimson Center. It provides useful
  additional information, some of which is not
  contained in this tutorial.

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Bombs, Bugs and Deadly Gases The WMD Reference C
enter
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More Helpful Resources

• The Brookings Institution
• Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
• Center for Nonproliferation Studies
• Center for Strategic and International Studies
• Institute for Science and International Security
• Nuclear Threat Initiative
• Partnership for Global Security

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