KANT

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KANT

• PHIL150

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KANT

• - What are Reasons?
• - What Is Reason?
• - How Do We ID Reasons?
• - Acting Morally and Action Rationally

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KANT

• - What are Reasons?
• - What Is Reason?
• - How Do We ID Reasons?
• - Acting Morally and Action Rationally

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Reasons

• Chris Why did Jack go to Chicago?
• Me In order to visit his mother.

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Reasons

• Chris Why did Jack go to Chicago?
• Me In order to visit his mother.
• Reason Purpose?

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Reasons

• Chris Why did Jack go to Chicago?
• Me In order to visit his mother.
• Reason Purpose?
• Chris Why did Jack kill someone in a
• carjacking and flee to Chicago?
• Me In order to visit his mother.

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Reasons

• Going to Chicago for the purpose of visiting
  your mother is understandable.
• Killing people to get to Chicago for the purpose
  of visiting your mother is not.

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Reasons

• Going to Chicago for the purpose of visiting
  your mother is understandable.
• Killing people to get to Chicago for the purpose
  of visiting your mother is not.
• Reason To-do-this-action-for-that-purpose.

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Reasons

• Reason To-do-this-action-for-that-purpose.
• Principle
• Action Purpose

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Reasons

• Chris Why did Jack go to Chicago?
• Me To visit his mother.

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Reasons

• Chris Why did Jack go to Chicago?
• Me To visit his mother.
• My response doesnt show that Jacks reason
  was his purpose. Rather, his purpose is the part
  of his principle (his reason) that you dont
  know.

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Reasons

• What are Reasons? Principles.

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Reasons

• What are Reasons? Principles.
• To perform an action because of your principle
  to perform this-action-for-that-purpose is to act
  from reason.

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KANT

• - What Are Reasons?
• - What Is Reason?
• - How Do We ID Reasons?
• - Acting Morally and Action Rationally

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Reasons

• 1.Unconscious Things They are not aware of the
  world and their states and behavior are
  determined by whatever causes they are subject
  to.

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Reasons

• 2.Conscious Agents They are aware of the world,
  and can be attracted or repelled to parts of it.
  That is, they are subject to impulses (hunger,
  fear) which combine with inborn principles
  (instincts) that determine their choice of
  action. So they have a will, but not a free will.

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Reasons

• 3.Self-Conscious Agents They are aware of the
  world, and can be attracted or repelled to parts
  of it. They are subject to impulses (hunger,
  fear) which combine with inborn principles
  (instincts) that can determine their will.

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Reasons

• 3.Self-Conscious Agents They are aware of the
  world, and can be attracted or repelled to parts
  of it. They are subject to impulses (hunger,
  fear) which combine with inborn principles
  (instincts) that can determine their will.
• However, these agents are also self-aware, i.e.
  they know when they are subject to incentives.
  This awareness allows them to choose to act on
  their incentives with principles of their own
  choosing rather than the inborn principles a
  non-rational agent reacts with. They have not
  only a will, but a free will.

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Reasons

• 1.Unconscious Things
• 2.Conscious Agents
• Represents the world to self
• Subject to attractions and repulsions
• Inborn principles
• 3.Self-Aware Conscious Agents
• Represents the world to self
• Subject to attractions and repulsions
• Inborn principles
• Represents self to self
• Free to adopt principles to act on
• representation of self

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Reasons

• Instincts and Reasons are principles.

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Reasons

• Instincts and Reasons are principles.
• Principles of Belief
• Believe B because of Experience E.

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Reasons

• Instincts and Reasons are principles.
• Principles of Belief
• Believe B because of Experience E.
• Principles of Action
• Action A because of Purpose P.

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Reasons

• Instincts and Reasons are principles.
• Principles of Belief
• Believe B because of Experience E.
• Principles of Action
• Action A because of Purpose P.
• Both instinct and reason govern our response to
  impulses. The principles of instinct are inborn
  while the principles of reason are those we
  freely select.

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Reasons

• Suppose I have a strong attraction to some
  member of the opposite sex. It is, in fact, my
  strongest impulse at the moment.

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Reasons

• Suppose I have a strong attraction to some
  member of the opposite sex. It is, in fact, my
  strongest impulse at the moment.
• If I act out of instinct, then I will
  immediately try to satisfy this impulse. This
  doesnt mean I will necessarily lunge at this
  person, but I will do whatever means I see as
  available to satisfy this impulse. For example,
  maybe I buy them an expensive drink which Ill
  later regret.

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Reasons

• Suppose I have a strong attraction to some
  member of the opposite sex. It is, in fact, my
  strongest impulse at the moment.
• If I act out of instinct, then I will
  immediately try to satisfy this impulse. This
  doesnt mean I will necessarily lunge at this
  person, but I will do whatever means I see as
  available to satisfy this impulse. For example,
  maybe I buy them an expensive drink which Ill
  later regret.
• If I act out of reason, then I am free to decide
  on whether to satisfy this impulse. I may take
  into consideration whether I will regret later
  having spent this money and (perhaps) the fact
  that I am married.

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Reasons

• Suppose I have a strong attraction to some
  member of the opposite sex. It is, in fact, my
  strongest impulse at the moment.
• If I act out of instinct, then I will
  immediately try to satisfy this impulse. This
  doesnt mean I will necessarily lunge at this
  person, but I will do whatever means I see as
  available to satisfy this impulse. For example,
  maybe I buy them an expensive drink which Ill
  later regret.
• If I act out of reason, then I am free to decide
  on whether to satisfy this impulse. I may take
  into consideration whether I will regret later
  having spent this money and (perhaps) the fact
  that I am married. Ultimately, I may still choose
  to act on this impulse, but on a principle of my
  choosing.

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Reasons

• Suppose I have a strong attraction to some
  member of the opposite sex. It is, in fact, my
  strongest impulse at the moment.
• If I act out of instinct, then I will
  immediately try to satisfy this impulse. This
  doesnt mean I will necessarily lunge at this
  person, but I will do whatever means I see as
  available to satisfy this impulse. For example,
  maybe I buy them an expensive drink which Ill
  later regret.
• If I act out of reason, then I am free to decide
  on whether to satisfy this impulse. I may take
  into consideration whether I will regret later
  having spent this money and (perhaps) the fact
  that I am married. Ultimately, I may still choose
  to act on this impulse, but on a principle of my
  choosing. Maybe something like When youve had
  a bad day and your partner has been emotionally
  distant for a long time, then flirt with others
  to lift your spirits.

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Reasons
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Reasons

• - Reason and impulses dont conflict. Reason is
  just a set of principles that govern how we act
  in response to impulses.

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Reasons

• - Reason and impulses dont conflict. Reason is
  just a set of principles that govern how we act
  in response to impulses.
• - Reason and instinct do conflict. Reason are
  the principles we choose to govern how we act
  in response to impulses, instinct are the
  principles we are born with.

32
Reasons

• - Reason and impulses dont conflict. Reason is
  just a set of principles that govern how we act
  in response to impulses.
• - Reason and instinct do conflict. Reason are
  the principles we choose to govern how we act
  in response to impulses, instinct are the
  principles we are born with.
• - Reason is a capacity we have because we are
  self-aware, and reason constitutes our freedom
  of the will. An unfree will is one that is
  forced to act from instinct.

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Reasons

• - Reason and impulses dont conflict. Reason is
  just a set of principles that govern how we act
  in response to impulses.
• - Reason and instinct do conflict. Reason are
  the principles we choose to govern how we act
  in response to impulses, instinct are the
  principles we are born with.
• - Reason is a capacity we have because we are
  self-aware, and reason constitutes our freedom
  of the will. An unfree will is one that is
  forced to act from instinct.
• - To act from reason is to act freely, to act on
  principles that you yourself have chosen.

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Reasons

• - Reason and impulses dont conflict. Reason is
  just a set of principles that govern how we act
  in response to impulses.
• - Reason and instinct do conflict. Reason are
  the principles we choose to govern how we act
  in response to impulses, instinct are the
  principles we are born with.
• - Reason is a capacity we have because we are
  self-aware, and reason constitutes our freedom
  of the will. An unfree will is one that is
  forced to act from instinct.
• - To act from reason is to act freely, to act on
  principles that you yourself have chosen.
• - Furthermore, thats why reason has authority
  over you. Why you should be reasonable. We act
  from bad reasons because we are not purely
  rational creatures, but possess instinct too. To
  act on bad reasons, is to be partially unfree and
  governed by principles we haven given ourselves.
  

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KANT

• - What Are Reasons?
• - What Is Reason?
• - How Do We ID Reasons?
• - Acting Morally and Action Rationally

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Reasons

• John Youre a jerk.
• Mary Why?
• John You RSVPed and then didnt come to my
  party.
• Mary The same is true of Dancy. Is he a jerk
  too?
• John Nope, just you you jerk.

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Reasons

• John Youre a jerk.
• Mary Why?
• John You RSVPed and then didnt come to my
  party.
• Mary The same is true of Dancy. Is he a jerk
  too?
• John Nope, just you you jerk.

Whats Gone Wrong?
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Reasons

• John Youre a jerk.
• Mary Why?
• John You RSVPed and then didnt come to my
  party.
• Mary The same is true of Dancy. Is he a jerk
  too?
• John Nope, just you you jerk.

Whats Gone Wrong?
Johns Principle Circumstance (C) Mary
RSVPed and then didnt come. End
(E) Truth Belief (B) Marys a jerk.
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Reasons

• John Youre a jerk.
• Mary Why?
• John You RSVPed and then didnt come to my
  party.
• Mary The same is true of Dancy. Is he a jerk
  too?
• John Nope, just you you jerk.

Whats Gone Wrong?
Johns Principle Circumstance (C) Mary
RSVPed and then didnt come. End
(E) Truth Belief (B) Marys a jerk.
Principle Circumstance (C) Person X RSVPed
and then didnt come. End (E) Truth Belief
(B) Xs a jerk.
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Reasons

• John Youre a jerk.
• Mary Why?
• John You RSVPed and then didnt come to my
  party.
• Mary The same is true of Dancy. Is he a jerk
  too?
• John Nope, just you you jerk.

Whats Gone Wrong?
Johns Principle Circumstance (C) Mary
RSVPed and then didnt come. End
(E) Truth Belief (B) Marys a jerk.
Principle Circumstance (C) Person X RSVPed
and then didnt come. End (E) Truth Belief
(B) Xs a jerk.
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Reasons

• John Youre a jerk.
• Mary Why?
• John You RSVPed and then didnt come to my
  party.
• Mary The same is true of Dancy. Is he a jerk
  too?
• John Oh, right. Nevermind.

Whats Gone Wrong?
Johns Principle Circumstance (C) Mary
RSVPed and then didnt come. End
(E) Truth Belief (B) Marys a jerk.
Principle Circumstance (C) Person X RSVPed
and then didnt come. End (E) Truth Belief
(B) Xs a jerk.
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Reasons

• John Youre a jerk.
• Mary Why?
• John You RSVPed and then didnt come to my
  party.
• Mary The same is true of Dancy. Is he a jerk
  too?
• John Yeah, but youre my best friend.

Whats Gone Wrong?
Johns Principle Circumstance (C) Mary
RSVPed and then didnt come. End
(E) Truth Belief (B) Marys a jerk.
Universalized Principle Circumstance
(C) Person X RSVPed and then didnt come. End
(E) Truth Belief (B) Xs a jerk.
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Reasons

• John Youre a jerk.
• Mary Why?
• John You RSVPed and then didnt come to my
  party.
• Mary The same is true of Dancy. Is he a jerk
  too?
• John Yeah, but youre my best friend.

Whats Gone Wrong?
Johns Principle Circumstance (C) Johns
best friend Mary RSVPed and then didnt
come. End (E) Truth Belief (B) Marys a jerk.
Principle Circumstance (C) Best friend X
RSVPed and then didnt come. End
(E) Truth Belief (B) Xs a jerk.
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Reasons

• John Youre a jerk.
• Mary Why?
• John You RSVPed and then didnt come to my
  party.
• Mary The same is true of Dancy. Is he a jerk
  too?
• John Nope, just you you jerk.

Whats Gone Wrong?
REASONS Same circumstances, same
result different result, different circumstances.
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Reasons

• John Youre a jerk.
• Mary Why?
• John You RSVPed and then didnt come to my
  party.
• Mary The same is true of Dancy. Is he a jerk
  too?
• John Nope, just you you jerk.

Whats Gone Wrong?
Johns Principle Circumstance (C) Mary
RSVPed and then didnt come. End
(E) Truth Belief (B) Marys a jerk.
Principle Circumstance (C) Person X RSVPed
and then didnt come. End (E) Truth Belief
(B) Xs a jerk.
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CI-Procedure
Principle Circumstance (C) End
(E) Action (A)
Principle Circumstance (C) End (E) Action
(A)
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CI-Procedure
Doctor Example
Principle Circumstance (C) Many ppl. are sick
and dying in the world. End (E) Help
ppl. Action (A) Im going to become a
doctor.
Principle Circumstance (C) End (E) Action
(A)
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CI-Procedure
Doctor Example
Principle Circumstance (C) Many ppl. are sick
and dying in the world. End (E) Help
ppl. Action (A) Im going to become a
doctor.
Principle Circumstance (C) Many ppl. are sick
and dying in the world. End (E) Help
ppl. Action (A) Become a doctor.
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CI-Procedure
Doctor Example
Principle Circumstance (C) There arent
enough people becoming doctors ppl. are dying
as a result. End (E) Help ppl. Action (A)
Im going to become a doctor.
Principle Circumstance (C) There arent enough
people becoming doctors ppl. are dying as a
result. End (E) Help ppl. Action (A) Become
a doctor.
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CI-Procedure
To see how it works in the practical case,
consider a standard puzzle case for Kants
universalizability criterion. It may seem as if
wanting to be a doctor is an adequate reason for
becoming a doctor, for theres nothing wrong with
being a doctor because you want to - in fact,
really, its rather admirable - and if you ask
yourself if it could be a law that everyone who
wants to be doctor should become one, it seems,
superficially, fine. But then the objector comes
along and says, but look, suppose everyone
actually wanted to be a doctor and nobody wanted
to be anything else. The whole economic system
would go to pieces, and then you couldnt be a
doctor, so your maxim would have contradicted
itself! So does this show that it is wrong to
be a doctor simply because you want to? What it
shows is that the mere desire to enter a certain
profession is only a provisionally universal
reason for doing so. Theres a background
condition for the rightness of being a doctor
because you want to, which is that society has
some need for people to enter this profession. In
effect the case does show that its wrong to be a
doctor. - Korsgaard Practical Reason and the
Unity of the Will, p. 22
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CI-Procedure
Doctor Example
Principle Circumstance (C) There arent
enough people becoming doctors ppl. are dying
as a result. End (E) Help ppl. Action (A)
Im going to become a doctor.
Principle Circumstance (C) There arent enough
people becoming doctors ppl. are dying as a
result. End (E) Help ppl. Action (A) Become
a doctor.
52
KANT

• - What Are Reasons?
• - What Is Reason?
• - How Do We ID Reasons?
• - Acting Morally and Action Rationally

53
CI-Procedure
Stealing
Maxim Circumstance (C) You own an X-box. End
(E) Possess an X-box. Action (A) Steal your
X-box.
Universalized Maxim Circumstance (C) End (E)
Action (A)
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CI-Procedure
Stealing
Maxim Circumstance (C) You own an X-box. End
(E) Possess an X-box. Action (A) Steal your
X-box.
Universalized Maxim Circumstance (C) Person X
owns a Y. End (E) Posses a Y. Action (A)
Steal Y.
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CI-Procedure
Lying
Maxim Circumstance (C) You wont give me money
unless I lie and tell you I need it. End (E)
Possess a lot of money. Action (A) Lie to
you.
Universalized Maxim Circumstance (C) End (E)
Action (A)
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CI-Procedure
Lying
Maxim Circumstance (C) You wont give me money
unless I lie and tell you I need it. End (E)
Possess a lot of money. Action (A) Lie to
you.
Universalized Maxim Circumstance (C) Person X
wont do Y unless you lie to them. End (E) Get
person X to do Y. Action (A) Lie to person X.
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CI-Procedure
Stealing Lying
?Both of these are parasitical practices.
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CI-Procedure
Stealing Lying
? Both of these are parasitical practices.
? For there to be property which can be
stolen, wanting X it cannot be a reason to
take X from someone. ? For there to be
communication which can be taken advantage of
in a lie, wanting someone to do X cannot be a
reason to tell them falsehoods. ? The
universalization of some motive for these acts
cant be universalized.
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CI-Procedure
Stealing Lying
? Both of these are parasitical practices.
? For there to be property which can be
stolen, wanting X it cannot be a reason to
take X from someone. ? For there to be
communication which can be taken advantage of
in a lie, wanting someone to do X cannot be a
reason to tell them falsehoods. ? The
universalization of some motive for these acts
cant be universalized. ? If you lie or steal,
you dont do it for a reason.
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CI-Procedure
Contradictions in Conception vs. Contradictions
in Will
61
CI-Procedure
Stealing
Maxim Circumstance (C) You own an X-box. End
(E) Possess an X-box. Action (A) Steal your
X-box.
Universalized Maxim Circumstance (C) Person X
owns a Y. End (E) Posses a Y. Action (A)
Steal Y.
Contradiction in Conception
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CI-Procedure
Lying
Maxim Circumstance (C) You wont give me money
unless I lie and tell you I need it. End (E)
Possess a lot of money. Action (A) Lie to
you.
Universalized Maxim Circumstance (C) Person X
wont do Y unless you lie to them. End (E) Get
person X to do Y. Action (A) Lie to person X.
Contradiction in Conception
63
CI-Procedure
Mutual Aid
Maxim Circumstance (C) Occasionally I come
across someone in need. End (E) Avoid
unpleasantness and generally enjoy
myself. Action (A) Dont help them.
Universalized Maxim Circumstance (C) End (E)
Action (A)
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CI-Procedure
Mutual Aid
Maxim Circumstance (C) Occasionally I come
across someone in need. End (E) Avoid
unpleasantness and pursue enjoyment. Action
(A) Dont help them.
Universalized Maxim Circumstance (C) There is
someone in need nearby. End (E) Avoid
unpleasantness and pursue enjoyment. Action
(A) Dont help them.
65
CI-Procedure
Doctor Example
Maxim Circumstance (C) Many ppl. are sick and
dying in the world. End (E) Help ppl. Action
(A) Im going to become a doctor.
Universalized Maxim Circumstance (C) Many ppl.
are sick and dying in the world. End (E) Help
ppl. Action (A) Become a doctor.
66
CI-Procedure
Doctor Example
Maxim Circumstance (C) Many ppl. are sick and
dying in the world. End (E) Help ppl. Action
(A) Im going to become a doctor.
Universalized Maxim Circumstance (C) Many ppl.
are sick and dying in the world. End (E) Help
ppl. Action (A) Become a doctor.
Contradiction in Will
67
CI-Procedure
Mutual Aid
Maxim Circumstance (C) Occasionally I come
across someone in need. End (E) Avoid
unpleasantness and pursue enjoyment. Action
(A) Dont help them.
Universalized Maxim Circumstance (C) End (E)
Action (A)
68
CI-Procedure
Mutual Aid
Maxim Circumstance (C) Occasionally I come
across someone in need. End (E) Avoid
unpleasantness and pursue enjoyment. Action
(A) Dont help them.
Universalized Maxim Circumstance (C) There is
someone in need nearby. End (E) Avoid
unpleasantness and pursue enjoyment. Action
(A) Dont help them.
69
CI-Procedure
Mutual Aid
Maxim Circumstance (C) Occasionally I come
across someone in need. End (E) Avoid
unpleasantness and pursue enjoyment. Action
(A) Dont help them.
Universalized Maxim Circumstance (C) There is
someone in need nearby. End (E) Avoid
unpleasantness and pursue enjoyment. Action
(A) Dont help them.
Contradiction in Will
70
CI-Procedure
Contradictions in Conception - Lying - Stealing
Contradictions in Will - Mutual Aid
71
CI-Procedure
Contradictions in Conception - Lying - Stealing -
Suicide Contradictions in Will - Mutual
Aid - Developing ones Talents
72
CI-Procedure
Contradictions in Conception - Lying - Stealing -
Suicide Contradictions in Will - Mutual
Aid - Developing ones Talents
Result It is irrational to lie, steal, commit
suicide, never render aid, or not develop any of
ones own talents.
73
CI-Procedure
Contradictions in Conception - Lying - Stealing -
Suicide Contradictions in Will - Mutual
Aid - Developing ones Talents
Result It is irrational to lie, steal, commit
suicide, never render aid, or not develop any of
ones own talents. Irrational for the same
reasons that John was irrational to call Mary but
not Dancy a jerk for RSVPing but then not
attending his party.
74
CI-Procedure
Contradictions in Conception - Lying - Stealing -
Suicide Contradictions in Will - Mutual
Aid - Developing ones Talents
Result It is irrational to lie, steal, commit
suicide, never render aid, or not develop any of
ones own talents. Irrational for the same
reasons that John was irrational to call Mary but
not Dancy a jerk for RSVPing but then not
attending his party. Reasons Same
circumstances, same result.
75
KANT

• - What Are Reasons?
• - What Is Reason?
• - How Do We ID Reasons?
• - Acting Morally and Action Rationally

76
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79
KANT

• - What Are Reasons?
• - How Do We ID Reasons?
• - Why Listen to Reason?

80
Autonomy
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Autonomy
Descartes
Soul
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Autonomy
Hume
Memory
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Autonomy
Kant
Principles
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84
Autonomy

• - Russian Nobleman
• - Morning Workout

85
KANT

• - What Are Reasons?
• Universal Principles (Same Circumstance
  Motive ? Same Action/Belief)
• - How Do We ID Reasons?
• The CI-Procedure Universalize our purported
  reason and see if it can be.
• Contradiction in Will / Contradiction in
  Conception
• - Why Listen to Reason?
• Youll die.
• Acting from reason is acting freely
  (autonomously rather than heteronymously).

86
Autonomy
The story goes like this. A certain Russian
nobleman is now, in his youth, a socialist, and
plans to distribute large portions of his
inheritance, when he comes into it, to the poor.
But he also anticipates that his attitudes will
become more conservative as he grows older, and
so that he may not think this is the right thing
to do, when the inheritance is actually his own.
So he asks his wife to hold him to the promise he
makes now, to distribute the land, even if he
tells her then that he has changed his mind.
The young nobleman does not anticipate that he is
going to become irrational, that his judgment
will be clouded, or that he will be out of
control. He merely believes that he is going to
think differently than he does now.
1/3
87
Autonomy
What it seems like the Russian is telling his
wife is that his younger self is his real self,
that his ideals are essential to him, and that if
he loses those ideals she should regard him as
effectively dead. Being dead, he cannot release
her, and if his middle aged avatar claims to
release her from the promise, in an effort to
keep hold of the estates, she should regard him
as someone else, who therefore cannot release her
- the man will be a kind of impostor, posing as
the continuation of his younger self. Now,
think about how the Russian nobleman is related
to himself. He doesnt think of his future
motives as reasons he thinks of them as facts
to contend with, as tools and obstacles, and in
his case mainly obstacles and he is therefore
is in a condition of war with himself. His
efforts as a young man are dedicated to insuring
that his younger self wins, and his older self
loses. His soul is therefore characterized by
civil war, and that is why he fails as an agent.
2/3
88
Autonomy
Constituting your own agency is a matter of
choosing only reasons you can share with
yourself. Thats why you have to will
universally, because the reason you act on now,
the law you make for yourself now, must be one
you can will to act on again later, one you can
live with later, come what may, unless you come
to see that theres a good reason to change it.
The Russian nobleman fails as an agent
because he doesnt do this, because he doesnt
will a law he thinks can commit himself to acting
again on later, come what may.
3/3
89
CI-Procedure
To see how it works in the practical case,
consider a standard puzzle case for Kants
universalizability criterion. It may seem as if
wanting to be a doctor is an adequate reason for
becoming a doctor, for theres nothing wrong with
being a doctor because you want to - in fact,
really, its rather admirable - and if you ask
yourself if it could be a law that everyone who
wants to be doctor should become one, it seems,
superficially, fine. But then the objector comes
along and says, but look, suppose everyone
actually wanted to be a doctor and nobody wanted
to be anything else. The whole economic system
would go to pieces, and then you couldnt be a
doctor, so your maxim would have contradicted
itself! So does this show that it is wrong to
be a doctor simply because you want to? What it
shows is that the mere desire to enter a certain
profession is only a provisionally universal
reason for doing so. Theres a background
condition for the rightness of being a doctor
because you want to, which is that society has
some need for people to enter this profession. In
effect the case does show that its wrong to be a
doctor. - Korsgaard Practical Reason and the
Unity of the Will, p. 22