PLAN

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PLAN

• I. Traditional Security Studies
• Security and Conflict
• Military forces superpower arms race
• II. Broadening the Focus
• Critical Security Studies

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Nonmilitary Responses to Conflict

• Diplomacy, negotiation, mediation
• Economic sanctions
• Establishment of context of rules, norms,
  international organizations

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International Security Studies

• Traditional Security Studies (TSS)
• War Peace, East/West conflict
• Soldiers diplomats (S. Hoffman, 1985)
• Treaties alliances
• National security, military forces, superpower
  arms race
• Critical Security Studies (CSS)
• Regional ethnic conflicts
• Broadening the concept of security

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TSS the Definition of National Security

• The ability to protect the states territory, its
  autonomy and its borders from external threats
  (military, economic).
• Acquire military capabilities in order to protect
  national sovereignty, i.e. limit insecurity by
  being prepared to meet a security threat

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I. Traditional Security Studies

• Acquire leverages in international conflicts
• Conventional military forces (armies, land mines,
  air forces, logistics)
• Non-conventional military forces WMD (nuclear,
  ballistic missiles, chemical and biological
  weapons)

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I. Continuity and Change

• Change of military thinking strategy, 1991?
• Security dilemma, credibility of threats
• Arms race, proliferation security dilemma

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I. Conflict, Security Strategy

• Central concepts deterrence, mutually assured
  destruction (MAD)
• Nuclear strategy (offensive, defensive)
• First-strike capability
• Second-strike capability
• Arms race as iterated Prisoners Dilemma
• Reciprocity (retaliation)

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India Pakistans Nuclear Arms Race

• (Prisoners Dilemma)

Pakistan
India
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I. Post-Cold War Issues

• Role of non-state actors new dynamics
• Retaliation? No territory or cities to defend
• Nuclear terrorism?
• Role of states in nuclear proliferation
• Domestic production of nuclear weapons
• Importance for regional conflicts (Arab-Israeli
  conflict, India/Pakistan, N/S Korea, China
  Taiwan)

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I. Conflict Security

• Collective good problems all states can
• lower contribution to collective goods (e.g.
  seek individual interest, collectivity is worse
  off)
• Strategic choice size of military budgets
• Security regimes e.g. Ballistic Missile
  Technology Control regime

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I. Controlling Proliferation

• 1925 Geneva Protocol (chemical weapons) 1992
  Chemical Weapons Convention
• 1972 Biological Weapons Convention
• Non-Proliferation Treaty, 1968
• Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 1972
• Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties (SALT)
• SALT 1, 1972
• SALT 2, 1979
• Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I, 1991
  START II, 1992)
• Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), 1996

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II. Critical Security Studies

• Post-Cold War debate 1990s (Krause Williams,
  1997)
• Non-military threats to national security
  environment, resources, health, etc
• Security dilemma vs. Power-Security dilemma,
  Buzan (1991)

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II. New Threats to National Security

• Drugs, energy (Romm, 1993)
• Environmental threats (since 1980s)
• Resource conflicts (Westing, 1986 Mathews, 1987)
• Food and water scarcity as threats to economic
  development (Korany, Brynen Noble, 1993)
• Extended security conflict over economic,
  geopolitical, environmental, territorial issues
  (Dalby, 1997)

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II. Broadening the Concept of National Security

• No agreed general definition (Buzan, 1991)
• Threats to national security are actions that
  threaten to undermine severely the quality of
  life of a states inhabitants and that might
  significantly reduce political choices that are
  at the governments disposal (Romm, 1993)

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II. Environmental Security

• Protection of national resources
• Interdependent issues transnational
  environmental problems (global warming)
• resource-based conflicts affect territorial
  integrity and political stability

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II. Environment Security

• Study relationship between military, security
  affairs and the environment (Deudney Matthew,
  eds., 1999)
• Linking military activities to environmental
  degradation (e.g., Gulf Wars)
• Securitization of environmental problems (Buzan,
  Waever de Wilde, 1998)

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II. Environment, Security Conflict

• Predictions for coming anarchy as more
  conflicts will be caused by environmental
  degradation (Kaplan, 1994)
• Linking environmental change, resource scarcity
  and population growth to international conflict
  (Homer-Dixon, 1991 1994)

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II. Conflict Environmental Stress

• Homer-Dixon advisor to Clinton Administration
  controversial model
• Environmental stress scarcity of non-renewable
  resources
• Deterministic analysis environmental scarcity
  leads to violent conflicts (e.g, water wars in
  Middle East)
• 1990s US neo-Malthusian approach to
  international environmental problems

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II. Environment, Security Conflict
Conclusions

• Environmental problems as security
• concerns
• Can lead to political instability
• Impact on crisis but not in isolation from other
  variables