The Immune System

1
The Immune System
2
Chiropractors and Vaccines
3
Kinetics of adaptative immune response
4
Characteristics of adaptative immunity

• Memory
• Specificity
• Amplification

5
Divisions of the immune system

• Innate vs. adaptative (acquired) immunity
• Humoral vs. cell-mediated
• Active vs. passive
• Natural vs. artificial

6
Development of blood cells from hematopoietic
stem cells
7
Innate and adaptative immunity interaction
8
Lymphocyte maturation
9
Macrophage functioning
10
Immunogen characteristics
antigens
immunogens
11
Typical antibody molecule
12
IgA dimer
13
IgM pentamer
14
Antigenic macromolecules
15
Antigen-antibody interactions
16
Clonal selection theory
17
Antigen-antibody interactions
18
Complement fixation
19
Antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity
(ADCC)
20
Phagocytosis, immune and non-specific
21
Antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity
(ADCC)
22
Antibody summary
23
HLA types and relative risk of diseases
DISEASE HLA Relative Allele Risk
factor Hashimotos thyroiditis DR5 3 Rheumatoid
arthritis DR4 6 Dermatitis herpetifomis DR3 56 Go
odpastures synd. R2 13 Multiple
sclerosis DR2 5 Ankylosing spondylitis B27 87 Rei
ters disease B27 37 postgonococcill
arthritis B27 14 psoriasis vulgaris C6 13 Myasthe
nia gravis B8 4
24
HLA region chromosome 6
25
Accessory cell antigen processing
26
Accessory cell presentation
27
Cytotoxic cell antigen processing
28
T cell and macrophage activation
29
Lymphokines
30
Opportunistic diseases in AIDS a primary ID
Kaposis sarcoma
Thrush (left) and oral hairy leukoplakia (right)
whitish, corrugated or hairy, adherent plaques
31
Primary Immunodeficiency
32
The Boy in the Bubble
Based on a true story, Tod Lubitch is born with a
deficient immune system (not unlike being born
with AIDS). As such, he must spend the rest of
his life in a completely sterile environment. His
room is completely hermetically sealed against
bacteria and virii, his food is specially
prepared, and his only human contact comes in the
form of gloved hands. The movie follows his life
into a teenager.
33
Genetic surgery for SCID
34
Phagocyte Deficiencies

• Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
• Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD I)
• Chediak-Higashi syndrome
• Interferon-gamma receptor deficiency
• Chronic or cyclic neutropenia

35
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)

• Inability of phagocytes to generate hydrogen
  peroxide due to mutations in one of four proteins
  comprising the NADPH oxidase
• Severe tissue infections with catalase positive
  organisms, especially Staph aureus, Serratia
  marcescens, mycobacteria, and fungi such as
  Aspergillus

36
Asias Polio-Endemic Countries On Track To
Eliminate Disease This Year As the United
Nations health agency seeks to make polio the
first disease in the 21st century to be totally
eliminated through mass immunizations and only
the second ever after smallpox the three
remaining polio-endemic Asian countries are on
target to end all outbreaks by this year. In
2004, polio cases in Afghanistan, India, and
Pakistan were slashed by 45 per cent, their
health ministers and senior officials announced
this week at a meeting at World Health
Organization (WHO) headquarters in
Geneva. Similar momentum in 2005, with repeated
immunization campaigns, should put an end to
transmission in this particularly crowded corner
of the world, which has proven a challenge to the
global eradication of a potentially deadly
disease that once paralyzed hundreds of thousands
of children worldwide each year. This weeks
meeting was the one-year follow-up to the Geneva
Declaration on the Eradication of Poliomyelitis,
a 2004 pledge by the six remaining polio-endemic
countries to intensify their activities, with
some officials hoping to eradicate the disease
within 12 months. But the campaign suffered a
setback in Africa, home to three of the six
countries Egypt, Niger and Nigeria when
various Nigerian states suspended immunization in
2003 over concerns by public figures about the
safety of the oral vaccine, including rumours
that it was contaminated by the HIV virus or that
it could sterilize young girls. The suspension
was later lifted but not before the disease
spread to re-infect 10 other previously
polio-free African countries.
37
Return of Pertussis to Australia
The Australian public began to fear vaccine
reactions more than pertussis itself, and a
passive anti-vaccination movement began to grow.
Australian doctors slowly stopped pertussis
vaccination. A study . . . in the early 1990s
found over half of the Australian physicians
surveyed would give diphtheria-tetanus (DT) shots
when DTP was indicated . . . In 1993, Lester and
Nolan wrote of Australia's coming catastrophe
"Geographically clustered populations of children
who have inadequate pertussis protection . . .
could promote epidemic outbreaks" That ink was
barely dry when the first wave struck.
Australia's 1994 epidemic logged more than 5,000
cases. The second wave reached Australian shores
three years later. This time, nearly 10,699 cases
and nine infant deaths were reported.
38
Hypersensitivity Summary
39
Hypersensitivity 1 anaphylaxis
40
Anaphylaxis
41
Mast cell activation
42
Hypersensitivity II cytotoxicity
43
Serum sickness
Immune complexmediated inflammatory disease
characterized by the appearance of fever, rash,
arthritis/arthralgia, and other systemic symptoms.
44
Serum sickness locations
45
Hypersensitivity III immune complex
Arthus reaction
46
Type III hypersensitivity
Large quantities of soluble antigen-antibody
complexes form in the blood and are not
completely removed by macrophages
These antigen-antibody complexes lodge in the
capillaries between the endothelial cells and the
basement membrane
These antigen-antibody complexes activate the
classical complement pathway leading to
vasodilation.
The leukocytes discharge their killing agents and
promote massive inflammation. This can lead to
tissue death and hemorrhage.
The complement proteins and antigen-antibody
complexes attract leukocytes to the area
47
Hypersensitivity IV Delayed-onset
T cell mediated
48
DiGeorge SyndromeCharacteristic Facies
49
SCIDProgressive Varicella