The French and Napoleon Bonaparte

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The French and Napoleon Bonaparte

• 1795 - 1815

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Effects of the Revolution

• French Citizen Army grew in power
• Foreign nations fear that army will try to
  spread outside of France
• Formed First Coalition against France
• Prussia and Austria
• Conquered land in Germany

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• Prices skyrocketed on many goods
• Poor would suffer
• Corrupt executive leaders began to fight
• Social protests were crushed by the army
• Wars with Great Britain and Austria
• Opened the door for military leadership

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Napoleon Bonaparte

• Born in Corsica (island outside of France)
• Attended Military School
• Became an artillery officer
• 5 foot, 3 inches tall
• Military Genius
• Revolution gave him opportunity to advance to
  the rank of General
• Protected National Convention from royalists

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• Could move soldiers quickly
• Conquered Northern Italy in 1797
• Defeated Austrians and Sardinians
• Military Campaign in Egypt
• Goal to disrupt British trade with India
• Demolished by the British in Egypt
• Left army in Egypt and returned to France
• Made up stories of victory
• Popularity increased in France

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Second Coalition

• Great Britain will form Second Coalition against
  France
• Included Austria and Russia
• Drove French control out of Italy

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coup detat (stroke of state)

• Fear that royalists would take back control,
  people push support toward Napoleon
• Only Napoleon can restore order and be
  victorious at home and abroad
• Napoleon supporters surrounded the legislature
  with bayonets and forced most to leave
• Remaining members turned power over to Napoleon

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Napoleon in Power

• Government kept the form of a republic
• Three Consuls Napoleon as First Consul
• But Napoleon became dictator
• Citizens supported this change
• Napoleon supported revolution and individual
  rights
• But people must obey orders given by their
  leader

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• Created peace with the Second Coalition
• Russia deserted the coalition
• Austria asked for peace
• Great Britain sign a peace treaty
• Established a Bank of France
• Created an efficient tax collection system
• Ended political corruption
• Introduced public education for male students
• Lycees
• Restored relations between church and state

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Napoleonic Codes

• Created uniform set of laws
• Reversed many changes of the Revolution
• Limited freedom of speech and press
• Restored slavery in French Caribbean colonies
• Promoted order and authority over individual
  rights

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The French Empire

• People voted to make France an Empire
• Napoleon would be the first Emperor for life
• Would also be hereditary follow family lines
• Pope came to crown the new emperor
• Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris
• Napoleon grabbed the crown and place it on
  himself
• Demonstrated power and authority
• More powerful than the church

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Loses Land in Western Hemisphere

• Saint Domingue (Haiti)
• Sugar Production
• People demanded equal rights as French citizens
• Slaves demanded freedom
• Disease and aggressive rebels prevented Napoleon
  from restoring authority
• Sold Louisiana Purchase to the U.S.
• Weakened British who was hoping to take the U.S.
  back

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Third Coalition

• Napoleon planned to expand Frances boundaries
• Set up blockades to weaken British influence on
  Europe
• Great Britain renewed war against France
• Austria, Russia, and Sweden allied with Britain
• Spain allied with France
• British Navy was too strong
• Responded with their own blockade against France

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Napoleon Expands

• Forces Prussia and Austria to sign peace treaties
• Controlled Spain, Italy, Netherlands, and Warsaw
  (Poland) between 1805 1815
• Spanish Guerrillas will prevent Napoleon from
  taking Portugal
• Nationalistic feelings became a powerful enemy of
  Napoleon
• Russia would continue to trade with Great Britain
• Napoleon invaded Russia in response
• 420,000 soldiers

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Russian Invasion

• Russian soldiers retreat from borders to pull
  Napoleon forces deeper into the country
• Russians practice scorched-earth policy
• Burning or destroying crops and other valuables
• Napoleon captures Moscow (capital city)
• Russians set Moscow afire to destroy buildings
  and supplies
• No housing for the winter and far from supply
  lines

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Retreat From Russia

• Russian soldiers would remain in the countryside
  to disrupt supply routes
• Disease, cold, hunger, and battle would kill
  Napoleons troops
• Napoleon would order retreat
• 420,000 soldiers entered 10,000 survived

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Broken Alliances

• Great Britain, Prussia, and Austria would ally
  with Russia again to attack Napoleon
• Napoleon would fail and retreat to France
• Paris would be captured
• Napoleon would give up the throne
• Allies would allow him to retire to an island off
  the coast of Italy
• Allies install a Monarchy in France
• New King will be unpopular among French Peasants

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Napoleon Would Return

• Napoleon would escape the Island
• The new King would send troops to capture him
• Napoleon would persuade the soldiers to join him
• Led army into Paris, forced King to flee
• Britain and allies would prepare for battle
• Dealt final defeat at Waterloo
• Forced Napoleon to live in a guarded island in
  the South Atlantic where he would die 6 years
  later

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Congress of Vienna

• European leaders will meet at Vienna to create
  long lasting peace and stability in Europe
• Those who suffered losses due to Napoleon must
  be compensated
• European powers must keep any one nation from
  gaining too much power Balance of Power
• Old ruling families in Europe would be returned
  to their thrones - legitimacy

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Post-Napoleon

• After Napoleon spread many Enlightenment ideas
  throughout Europe, many nations wanted to
  restore Absolute Rule
• Secret Police to crush any liberal revolts
• Censor newspapers who may spread ideas
• Concert of Europe pledged to help one another
  combat revolutions
• Great Britain
• Already had a representative government
• Withdrew from European affairs

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Post-Napoleon

• Many Latin American nations will claim
  independence from European control
• Mexico Spain Brazil Portugal
• Enlightenment and Revolution ideas spread to
  create nationalistic feelings
• These feelings sparked revolutions and new
  nations would form
• Nations realized that democracy was the best way
  to insure equality and justice for all