Chapter 1: Ending the Crisis In Water and Sanitation

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Chapter 1 Ending the Crisis In Water and
Sanitation

• Nassrin, Daniella and Crystal

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The water crisis

• The violation of the human right to clean water
  and sanitation is destroying human potential on
  an epic scale.
• In today's world more children die for want of
  clean water and a toilet than from almost any
  other cause.
• This chapter documents the scale of the crisis in
  water and sanitation and traces its causes.

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Water crisis con.

• In contrast to some of the other global threats
  to human development- such as HIV/AIDS- the
  crisis in water and sanitiation is, above all, a
  crisis of the poor in general and of women in
  pariticular, to constituencies with limited
  bargaining power in setting national priorities.
  
• The world as the technology, the finance and the
  human capacity to remove the blight of water
  insecurity from millions of lives.

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Economic growth and human development

• People were becoming wealthier but not healthier.
  
• industrialization and urbanization were drawing
  poor rural migrants into urban slums that lacked
  water and sanitation infrastructure-a scenario
  played out today in many of the worlds poorest
  countries.
• while cities offered employment and higher
  incomes, they increased exposure to lethal
  pathogens transmitted through over flowing
  cesspools, sewers and drains.
• Almost every major city faced the same problem.

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The delayed progress

• Progress in water and sanitation was driven by
  advances in scientific knowledge, technology and
  above all-by political coalitions uniting
  industrialists, municipalities and social
  reformers.
• Debates in globalization invariably focus on the
  large wealth gaps that separate rich and poor
  countries.

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Rich world, Poor world

• At the start of the 21st century 1in 5 people
  living in the developing world- some 1.1 billion
  people in all- lacks access to clean water.
• Some 2.6 billion people, almost have the total
  population of developing countries dont have
  access to adequate sanitation.
• Some people live more than 1 km. from the nearest
  safe water source and yet they collect water from
  drains, ditches, and streams that might be
  infected with bacteria that cause severe illness
  and death.

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Rich world, poor world con.

• In rural Sub-Saharan Africa millions of people
  share their water sources with animals or rely on
  unprotected wells that are breeding grounds for
  pathogens.
• average water use ranges from 200 to 300 liters
  a person a day in most countries in Europe to 575
  in the U.S.
• Residents in Phoenix, Arizona a desert city with
  some of the greenest laws in the U.S, use more
  than 1000 liters a day. By contrast, average use
  in countries such as Mozambique is less than 10
  liters a day.
• While one part of the world sustains a designer
  bottled/watered market that generates no tangible
  health benefits, another part suffers acute
  public health risks because people have to drink
  water from drains or from lakes and rivers.

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and sanitation lags behind water

• The second problem in global data is the gap
  between water and sanitation provision.
• in all region and in almost all countries
  sanitation provision lags far behind access to
  water- and there is no evidence that the gap is
  narrowing.
• These gaps matter not just because access to
  sanitation is important but also because the
  benefits of improved access to water and to
  sanitation are mutually reinforcing- a point
  demonstrated by Europe and the U.S. in the 19th
  century.

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Child mortality

• Across much of the developing world unclean water
  is a much greater threat to human security than
  violent conflict. That threat starts a birth.
• unclean water and lack of sanitation implicated
  in the huge gap in life chances an birth that
  separate children born in rich countries from
  children born in poor countries.
• Of the 60 million deaths in the world in 2004,
  10.6 million- nearly 20- were children under the
  age of 5. (the link the five billion cases of
  diarrhea die each year in developing countries)

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Girls, education and gender inequality

• lack of basic water and sanitation services
  makes for lost opportunities in education and
  empowerment for young girls.
• young girls and women shoulder a
  disproportionate share of the costs borne by the
  household.
• Time spent collecting water is a burden on women.
  In Mozambique, rural Senegal and eastern Uganda
  women spend on avg. 15-17 hrs. per week
  collecting water.

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Target Goals

• poor people in urban areas of developing
  countries not only pay more for their water than
  high income residents of the same city-they also
  pay more than people in rich countries.
• over the next decade the population of
  developing countries is expected to grow by 830
  million with sub-Saharan Africa accounting for a
  quarter of the increase and south Asia for
  another third.
• the version of the MDG challenge is that at
  least an additional 900 million people need
  access to sanitation by 2015.

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Target goals con.

• From the human development perspective the real
  question is not whether the world can afford to
  achieve the MDG goal target. It is whether it
  can afford not to make the investment.
• Water is a basic human right. Water and
  sanitation have a weak voice in government.
  Bringing it into the mainstream is a starting
  point for change.
• every person has a human right to 20 liters of
  water each day, regardless of wealth, location,
  gender or racial ethnic or other group.
• Governments have a responsibly to insure that
  providers and markets deliver safe, affordable
  and reliable water and sanitation to the poor.
• Strong national involvement and planning is the
  foundation for the MDG goal target and universal
  access to water and sanitation.