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Nepal Human Development Report 2004

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Title: Nepal Human Development Report 2004


1
Nepal Human Development Report 2004
  • Empowerment for Poverty Reduction

2
Chapter 1Overview Introduction
3
Working Definition of Empowerment
  • Empowerment builds peoples capacity to gain
    understanding and control over personal, social,
    economic and political forces to act individually
    as well as collectively to make choices about the
    way they want to be and do things in their best
    interest to improve their life situation.

4
Purpose
  • Influence politicians, policymakers, development
    practitioner and implementers that empowerment is
    the strategic approach for social transformation
    to effectively address exclusion, poverty,
    conflict and sustainable HD

5
Main Message of the Report
  • Empowerment is the most inclusive approach to
    development to address the persistence of poverty
    and existing inequalities and discrimination in
    society fueling the ongoing conflict in Nepal.
  • Existing structures both state and non-state -
    have failed to create an inclusive and enabling
    environment leading to low levels of empowerment
    for the majority of the countrys citizens.

6
Enabling Environment
  • Enabling environment for empowerment can be
    created by
  • Removing policy and institutional barriers and
    promoting good governance
  • Enhancing capabilities by expanding equitable
    access to and control over resources and
    decision-making processes
  • Making voices of the poor and marginalized
    people heard through Social Mobilization

7
Chapter 2State of Human Development and
Empowerment Indices and Measures
8
Construction of Human Empowerment Index
  • Constructed by pulling together objective social,
    economic and political indicators available at
    the district level.
  • Takes a holistic perspective to measure the
    empowerment level of all human beings in the same
    spirit of HDI rooted in capability approach
  • Provides a tool for identifying pockets of
    concentrated poverty and disempowerment at
    geographic levels

9
Social Empowerment Index (12 variables)
  • Education
  • Adult literacy (15 )
  • Child literacy (6 14)
  • Health
  • Infant mortality (number/1000 live birth)
  • Malnourished children under 5 ()
  • People expected to survive but die before 40 ()
  • Population with access to safe water ()
  • Population with access to sanitation/toilet ()
  • Information Communication Media
  • Household population with radio
  • Household population with television
  • Household population with telephone
  • Social Mobilization Outreach
  • Household membership in social organizations

10
Economic Empowerment Index (8 variables)
  • Land based
  • Landless households as of farm households
  • Gini corrected average size of land holding
  • Economic Infrastructure
  • Electrified Households
  • Credit
  • Households with access to institutional credit
    Average size of credit (Rs.)
  • Employment
  • Labour force employed in non agricultural sector

  • Usually unemployed
  • Income
  • Per capita GDP ( PPP)

11
Political Empowerment Index (2 variables)
  • Voter Turnout in the Last National Election
  • Contested Candidates per Seat in the Local
    Election

12
Key Results
  • Overall level of empowerment is low with wide
    disparities across districts
  • Level of economic empowerment lower than social
    empowerment in most districts
  • Political empowerment is relatively high
  • Multiple disempowerment and mismatch prevail
  • HEI is lower than HDI especially at the lower end
    of development where human poverty is high

13
Chapter 3Political, Economic and Socio-Cultural
Empowerment
14
Main Messages
  • Political Empowerment
  • Freedom and participatory democracy are the
    building blocks for empowerment.
  • But in Nepal the existing democratic processes
    have been unable to ensure participation and
    representation of majority of people in
    decision-making processes at various levels.
  • There is a lack of an adequate framework to
    ensure and enhance an accountable system, which
    has triggered authoritarian tendency in the state
    apparatus.
  • Excessive politicization of state
    institutions/constitutional bodies and emergence
    of client and patronage system have further
    weakened the institutions.

15
Main Messages
  • Economic Empowerment
  • Macroeconomic policies have been primarily urban
    biased and pro-rich leading to further
    marginalization of the poor and disadvantaged.
  • Socio-Cultural Empowerment
  • Persistence of socio-cultural discrimination,
    exclusionary institutions at all levels and weak
    enforcement of rules and regulations continue to
    remain major obstacles for socio-cultural
    empowerment.

16
Chapter 4Empowerment of Disadvantaged and
Marginalized Groups
17
Message
  • Women, indigenous peoples, Dalits, people with
    disabilities, children and senior citizens face
    discrimination, subordination and exclusion in
    the socio-cultural, economic and political
    arenas.

18
Why?
  • Poor implementation of the existing
    constitutional provisions and laws, policies and
    programmes.
  • Low levels of awareness and participation at all
    levels.
  • Lack of capacity to raise collective voice.
  • Low coverage of interventions.

19
How?
  • Strict enforcement of the constitutional
    provisions and laws
  • Effective implementation of policies and
    programmes
  • Social Mobilization for institutional capacity
    building to raise collective voice to enforce
    public accountability
  • Building partnership for up-scaling the SM
    process using
  • Exclusive approach (Intermediate)
  • Holistic approach (Long term)

20
Chapter 5Empowerment through Social
Mobilization Lessons from the Ground
21
Message
  • Accountable Social Mobilization is the most
    effective tool and process for breaking the
    culture of silence and culture of dependence.
  • Without creative participation of the State,
    donors and civil society for collective actions
    SM cannot succeed.
  • SM processes in Nepal have some successes but
    many failures.

22
Why it has been successful?
  • SM with common interest groups have been
    successful where
  • Stakeholders included and involved in
    decision-making process
  • A collective agenda on common issues developed
  • Participatory approach adopted

23
Why it is not working?
  • Stakeholders not maintaining the legitimacy of
    the excluded people
  • Sustainability, partnership and withdrawal
    strategies missing
  • Weak coordination and integration
  • Collective actions over common agenda missing

24
SM can be effective, if
  • Broad based national SM frameworks with active
    participation of all the stakeholders is
    developed
  • Sustainability, equity, partnership and
    withdrawal strategies are developed through a
    long term vision and systematic planning exercise
    in SM processes
  • The functional vertical links between local and
    national like-minded organizations and
    horizontal links between governments, donors,
    civil society and the people from grass roots to
    national levels are built
  • A strong efficient monitoring system is in place
    for producing effective results

25
Chapter 6Understanding the Dynamics of Conflict
in Nepal
26
Messages
  • Multiple causes, both structural and triggers,
    have exacerbated conflict and led to crisis
  • Mismatch between economic, political and social
    empowerment contributed to escalation of
    conflict
  • Development interventions so far not responsive
    to address conflict
  • Nepalese conflict has brought tremendous
    opportunities for state restructuring and social
    change

27
Multiple causes exacerbated conflict
  • Why and how
  • Exclusionary practices
  • Discrimination and disparities
  • Livelihood insecurities
  • Malgovernance
  • Denial psyche

28
Empowerment mismatch
  • Raised awareness and unfulfilled expectations led
    to frustration
  • Multiple marginality fueled frustration
  • Social, economic and political empowerment
    fulfils expectations of people

29
Development interventions not responsive
  • Not reached the poor and the most needy
  • Filtering mechanisms exclude poor and
    marginalized people
  • Centralized process and donor driven agenda
  • Geographical disparity and exclusion

30
Conflict brings opportunities for
  • Political reform
  • Constitutional and legal reform
  • Social inclusion and development action
  • Through
  • Dialogue, negotiation and agreement with
    immediate, medium and long term agenda for
    political, constitutional and social reform

31
How to address
  • Multiple marginalities
  • Focused policy responses
  • Strengthening institutional capabilities
  • Accountability
  • Mismatch
  • Promoting entitlement
  • Participation of poor in decision making process
  • Development failure
  • Conducive policy
  • Responsive institutions
  • Monitoring and accountability
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