BIM111 Introduction to Computer Engineering

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BIM111 Introduction to Computer Engineering

• Computer Hardware

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Contents

• Presentation of the course
• Computer Hardware
• CPU, Memory, IO Devices
• Computer, Program, Algorithm
• Basic Operation of the Computer
• System Software Components
• High level languages, Compiler, Assembler,
  Linker, Loader and Operating system
• Software Development Cycle
• Course Outline

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About the course
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Course Contents
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Course Contents (continued)
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Labs

• There is a lab session on Fridays, between 0900
  and 1100
• The following subject will be covered in the
  labs
• Usage of the website of the department
• How to use MSDN products
• Basic usage of Office programs and Visual Studio
• After these subjects are finished, there will be
  no labs but you will be able to ask any questions
  to TA on lab hours.

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Homeworks

• Copying homework/project is subject to the
  immediate fail from the course for both students
  who give and take the copy.
• Those students will also be directed to the
  disciplinary committee and this may result
  send-away from the school for 6 months.
• Assignments will be submitted via the webpage and
  late assignments will not be accepted.

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Grading Plan

• 1st MT 20, 2nd MT 20, Homework 20,
• Final Exam 40.
• Curve will be applied to the grades
• If your grade is below 80, you cannot get the
  grade AA, but it is not certain that if you pass
  80 then you get AA.
• If your grade is below 35, you certainly fail,
  but this does not mean that youll get at least
  DD if you pass 35.

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Attendances

• You dont have to attend the classes but recent
  experiences show that the students who attend the
  classes are more successful
• All students are responsible for visiting the
  website of the course at least two times in each
  week
• Announcements, assignments, and grades will be
  published on the website.

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Computer Hardware
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Desktop Computer Parts
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Notebook Computer Parts
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Whats a Computer?

• A computer is a device that processes data and
  computes results under the direction of a program
• Notice that the computer does nothing by itself
• It is told what to do by a program (software)
• Program refers to a specific set of instructions
  given to the computer to accomplish a specific
  task
• Compute the sum of N numbers
• Find min/max of N numbers
• Sort numbers
• Compute average grade of a class
• Find the shortest path between 2 cities
• Programs, in general, are referred to as software.

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Program (Software)

• Conceptually a program is a step-by-step solution
  to a problem
• Also named an algorithm
• A well-defined computational procedure that takes
  some values (data) as input and produces some
  results as output

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More on Software
Algorithm Steps
DATA
Step1
Step2
Relevant Courses 1. Intro to Comp. Eng. 2. Data
Structures 3. Databases 4. Algorithms
Step3
Step4
Step5
StepN
Pseudo-code (Human-readable)
Relevant Courses 1. BIM111 - Introduction to
Computer Engineering 2. BIM124 - C
Programming 3. BIM211 - Visual Programming
(C) 4. BIM224 - Object Oriented Programming
(Adv. OO Concepts and Java) 5. BIM313 - Advanced
Programming Techniques (Advanced Java)
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Basic Computer Structure
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Hardware

• The computer components, such as monitors,
  printers, keyboards, and some other of its
  electronic is called hardware.

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The System Unit (Computer Case)
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The Connectors
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Typical Desktop PC Connections
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Hardware (Computer Architecture)
Memory
CPU
Input/Output (I/O) Devices
Relevant Courses 1. Digital Systems I 2. Digital
Systems II 3. Computer Architecture 4.
Microprocessors
System Bus

• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Executes instructions
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Stores volatile data
• Input/Output (I/O) Devices
• Keyboard, Monitor, Disk, Mouse, Network Card,
• Used to input/output data

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• The Central Processing Unit (CPU) or processor is
  the portion of a computer system that carries out
  the instructions of a computer program, and is
  the primary element carrying out the computer's
  functions.

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CPU

• CPU is the brain of the computer.
• Executes instructions specified by the program.
• Examples
• Intel Pentium IV, 866 MHz
• Intel Core2 Duo, 2GHz
• Quad Core
• AMD Athlon II
• Computers with higher CPU clock frequencies are
  faster.
• Most of the CPUs are now 32-bit but 64-bit CPUs
  are appearing.

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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Components of CPU

• A CPU is composed of three subunits
• Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)
• Control Unit (CU)
• Registers
• ALU performs arithmetic (addition, subtraction,
  etc.) and logic (e.g. comparison of two numbers)
  operations.
• Registers are local, high-speed storage for the
  processor.
• CU manages the movement of data within the
  processor.

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The Memory

• The memory unit of the computer, also called main
  memory or physical memory, stores all the
  instructions and data that the CPU can directly
  access and execute.
• Currently, the size of the memories are around
  1-4 gigabytes.
• If the memory of a computer is not sufficient,
  then the computer get slower.
• Increasing the memory may make the computer
  faster.

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More on Memory

• Size of a memory is measured in bytes
• However the memory size is usually expressed in
  larger units
• 1 Kilobyte (KB) 1024 bytes 210 103 bytes
• 1 Megabyte (MB) 10241024 220 106 bytes
• 1 Gigabyte (GB) 230 109 bytes
• 1 Terabyte (TB) 240 1012 bytes
• 1 Petabyte (PT) 250 1015 bytes
• Maximum memory size depends on the architecture
  (and the operating system)
• 32-bit system ? max. memory size 2324GB
• 64-bit system ? max. memory size 264bytes

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More on Memory

• Bytes are also grouped in larger chunks
• According to Intel convention
• 1 nibble 8 consecutive bits
• 1 byte 8 consecutive bits
• 1 word 2 consecutive bytes
• 1 longword 4 consecutive bytes
• 1 quadword 8 consecutive bytes
• 1 octaword 16 consecutive bytes

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Representation of a Byte
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Memory
Most-significant bit

• Divided into logical units of the same size
  called a byte
• Each byte is made up of 8 consecutive binary
  digits or bits
• Each bit is in one of two states
• OFF 0
• ON 1
• Each byte has a unique address
• First byte has address 0

Least-significant bit
Address
Byte 0
Byte 1
Byte 2
Byte 3
Byte N-1
1 byte
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Input/output (I/O) Devices

• Computers accept information via input devices.
• Two of the most common input devices are the
  keyboard and the mouse.
• Output devices are used to send information to
  the user.
• The most common output devices are the monitor
  and the printer.
• Other devices such as some external storage units
  (hard disks, flash disks) may serve a dual
  purpose.

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Keyboard

• Some notebook keyboards does not have a numerical
  pad.
• Some keyboards may be cordless.

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Mouse

• Some mice may have additional buttons
• Some mice may be wireless
• Size and shape may change
• Clicking, right-clicking, double-clicking and
  scrolling are the fundamental mouse operations

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Touchpad

• Touchpads are used on notebooks.
• It senses the movements of the finger.

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Monitor

• Many types of monitors exist (CRT, LCD, Plasma,
  etc.)
• Screen size is measured in inches (14, 15.4,
  19, 21, etc.)

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Video Cards

• Screen images are electronically crafted by a
  video card.
• Video card affects the resolution of the screen
  and gaming capabilities of a computer.

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Resolution

• Resolution refers to the size of the images that
  can be displayed onscreen and is measured in
  pixels.
• A pixel is a single dot on your screen.
• A full picture is composed of thousands of
  pixels.
• A higher the resolution lets you display more
  (smaller) elements on screen.
• Resolution is expressed in numbers of pixels, in
  both the horizontal and vertical directions.
  (640480, 800600, 1024768, 16801050, etc.)

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External Speakers
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Hard Disk

• You can store your documents, pictures, files,
  etc. on the hard disk.
• The size of the hard disk is measured in
  gigabytes.
• SSD hard disks are being developed currently.

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CD/DVD Drives

• You can buy music albums on CDs, and films on
  DVDs.
• You can backup your files on a CD or a DVD.
• The size of the CDs are about 650700 MB and the
  DVDs are about 4.79 GB.
• High capacity Blurays are being developed (2550
  GB).

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Flash Disks

• Flash disks are small-sized storage devices.
• The capacities of flash disks are between 264
  GB.

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External Hard Disks

• They can be connected to PC via the USB port.
• Their sizes are 2.5 or 3.5 inches.
• Their capacity are between 30GB2TB.

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Printers

• Printers are used to create hardcopy of the
  works.
• Common types are laser and inkjet printers.
• They may be colored or black/white.

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Scanners

• You can create a digital copy of any photo or
  document by scanning it into your computer as a
  digital file.
• Some scanners scan only black-and-white.

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Other Hardware and I/O Devices

• Camera / Web cam
• Projector
• Motherboard
• Network card
• Floppy disks

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Operating Systems

• An operating system is an interface between
  hardware and user.
• In most of the operating systems, user interacts
  with the operating system via a graphical user
  interface (GUI).
• Microsoft Windows
• DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000,
  Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows
  2003, Windows 2008
• Linux
• Ubuntu, Fedora, Slackware, Mandrake, Debian, etc.
• Apple
• Mac OS X