Introduction to Engineering and Manufacturing Technology Print Reading

1
CHAPTER 1

• Introduction to Engineering and Manufacturing
  Technology Print Reading

2
Learning Objectives

• Answer questions and identify terminology related
  to the blueprint, blue-line diazo, photocopy,
  microfilm, and computer-aided design and drafting
  (CADD) print processes.
• Answer questions related to the use of CADD in
  the engineering and manufacturing technology
  industry
• Identify the components of an ASME standard title
  block, dimensioning and tolerancing block, and
  angle of projection block

3
Learning Objectives

• Identify the components of an ASME standard
  revision history block, revision status of sheets
  block, and revision status notation
• Describe the margin drawing number block,
  application block, and microfilm alignment arrows
• Define tolerance and answer related questions

4
Learning Objectives

• Identify and read print scales
• Answer questions and read items on actual
  industry prints related to zoning, sheet block
  information, and the drawing field
• Identify and properly fold standard print sheet
  sizes

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Print Reading

• Mechanical engineering
• Requires a basic knowledge of
• Manufacturing materials and processes
• Standard drafting practices
• Fabrication methods
• Gearing
• Electrical diagrams

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Engineering Drawings

• Provide an effective and efficient way to
  communicate
• Design intent
• Engineering requirements
• Instructions
• Proposals
• Typically not open to interpretation

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Engineering Drawing

• Also known as
• Drafting
• Engineering drafting
• Mechanical drawing
• Mechanical drafting
• Technical drawing
• Technical drafting

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Mechanical Drafting

• Drafting used in the manufacturing industry, or
• Drafting heating, ventilating, and
  air-conditioning (HVAC) systems

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Manual Drafting

• Traditional drafting practice using pencil or ink
  on a medium such as paper or polyester film
• Replaced by computer-aided drafting (CAD)

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Computers in Design and Drafting

• Computers have revolutionized design and drafting
  practices
• Several industries and most engineering and
  architectural related disciplines use computers
  for design and drafting

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Computers in Design and Drafting

• Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD)
• Computer-aided design (CAD)
• Computer-aided drafting (CAD)

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Prints

• The reproduction of manufacturing drawings
• Blueprints
• The diazo process replaced blueprints
• Modern photocopiers, printers, and plotters have
  mostly replaced the diazo process

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Diazo Reproduction

• Ozalid dry prints or blue-line prints
• Not an actual blueprint
• Mostly replaced by photocopy reproduction and
  CADD prints

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Photocopy Reproduction

• Photocopy printers or engineering copiers
• Photographically reproduces material, especially
  by xerography
• Advantages over diazo printing

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Microfilm

• Still exists in some companies
• Replaced by CADD for most modern applications
• Storage and reusability problems

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Computer-Aided Design and Drafting Reproduction

• Produces a quality hard copy print quickly
• Quality influenced by the reproduction method and
  the type of output device
• Inkjet plotters or printers
• Laser printers
• Electrostatic plotter

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Advantages of CADD Prints

• Consistent and accurate
• Easy to read lines and lettering
• Increased drafting productivity and coordination

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Two-Dimensional (2D) Drawings

• Established and often required design and
  drafting format
• Describes design intent and product requirements
• Provides the necessary information to manufacture
  the physical three-dimensional (3D)

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Three-Dimensional (3D) Models

• Wireframe
• Surface
• Solid

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Parametric Solid Models

• Most common feature-based solid models
• Often store model history (history-based solid
  modeling)
• Effectively captures design intent using
  parameters
• Maintains design constraints

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Parametric Solid Models
22
CAD/CAM

• Major manufacturing innovation
• Common manufacturing process
• Helps produce consistent and quality products
• Computer numerical control (CNC)

23
Sheet Size and Format

• ASME standards for sheet size and format
• ASME Y14.1, Decimal Inch Drawing Sheet Size and
  Format
• ASME Y14.1M, Metric Drawing Sheet Size and Format

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ASME Inch Sheet Size and Format
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ASME Metric Sheet Size and Format
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ASME Inch Sheet Sizes
Size Designation Size in Inches Size in Inches
Size Designation Vertical Horizontal
A 8 1/2 11 (horizontal format)
11 8 1/2 (vertical format)
B 11 17
C 17 22
D 22 34
E 34 44
F 28 40
G, H, J, and K apply to specific roll sizes G, H, J, and K apply to specific roll sizes G, H, J, and K apply to specific roll sizes
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ASME Metric Sheet Sizes
Size Designation Size in Millimeters Size in Millimeters
Size Designation Vertical Horizontal
A0 841 1189
A1 594 841
A2 420 594
A3 297 420
A4 210 297
A1.0, A2.1, A2.0, A3.2, A3.1, and A3.0 apply to specific elongated sizes A1.0, A2.1, A2.0, A3.2, A3.1, and A3.0 apply to specific elongated sizes A1.0, A2.1, A2.0, A3.2, A3.1, and A3.0 apply to specific elongated sizes
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Border

• Format margin of a sheet
• Borderlines form a rectangle to establish the
  border
• ASME minimum distance from the edges of the sheet
  to borderlines
• .5 in. for all inch drawing sheet sizes
• 20 mm for A0- and A1-size sheets
• 10 mm for A2-, A3-, and A4-size sheets

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Zoning

• Allows the drawing to read like a road map
• Recommend by ASME standards for all sheets, but
  optional for A, B, and A4 sizes

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Title Block

• Provides a variety of information about a drawing
• Size and location specified by ASME standards
• Other sheet blocks often group with the title
  block

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ASME Title Block

• Revision of the part or drawing
• Principal drawing scale
• Actual or estimated weight
• Sheet relative to a group of sheets or set of
  sheets
• Approval 1
• Approval 2
• Approval 3

1. Company or design activity
2. Title
3. Sheet size
4. CAGE Code
5. Drawing number

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Angle of Projection Block

• Third angle projection
• First angle projection

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Dimensioning and Tolerancing Block
34
Revision History Block

1. Zone
2. Revision
3. Description
4. Date
5. Approval

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Revision Status of Sheets Block

• Not required on single-sheet drawings
• Horizontal or vertical
• Located by the title block or in the area of the
  Revision History block

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Revision Status Notation

• ALL SHEETS ARE THE SAME REVISION STATUS
• Optional
• Next to the title block when the revision status
  of all sheets is the same

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Additional Sheet Blocks and Symbols

• Margin Drawing Number Block
• Application Block
• Microfilm Alignment Arrows

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Properly Folding Prints
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Glossary

• Angle of projection block
• Specifies how to interpret a drawing according to
  the method of view projection.
• Blueprint
• An early contact chemical-printing process of a
  drawing or other image copied on paper with white
  lines on a blue background.
• CAGE Code
• A five number code assigned by the United States
  Defense Logistic Service Center (DLSC) to all
  Department of Defense contractors. CAGE stands
  for Commercial And Government Entity.

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Glossary

• Computer numerical control (CNC)
• Also known as numerical control (NC), is the
  control of a process or machine by encoded
  commands that are commonly prepared by a
  computer.
• Computer-aided design (CAD)
• Uses computers for design.
• Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD)
• The process of using a computer with CADD
  software for design and drafting applications.

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Glossary

• Computer-aided design/computer-aided
  manufacturing (CAD/CAM)
• A part is designed on the computer and
  transmitted directly to computer-driven machine
  tools that manufacture the part.
• Computer-aided drafting (CAD)
• Uses computers for drafting.
• Diazo
• Creates blue line copies with a white background.

42
Glossary

• Dimensioning and tolerancing block
• Specifies the general dimensioning and
  tolerancing specifications found on the drawing.
• Drafting
• A graphic language using lines, symbols, and
  notes to describe objects for manufacture or
  construction.
• Engineering drawing
• The common language of engineering, and describes
  the process of creating drawings for any
  engineering application.

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Glossary

• Hard copy
• A physical drawing produced by a printer or
  plotter.
• Mechanical engineering
• The art and science of designing manufactured
  products.
• Microfilm
• Photographic reproduction on film of a drawing or
  other document that is highly reduced for ease in
  storage and transmittal from one place to another.

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Glossary

• Output device
• The equipment used to reproduce the drawing from
  the computer.
• Parameters
• Geometric characteristics and dimensions that
  control the size, shape, and position of model
  geometry. A database stores and allows you to
  manage all parameters.
• Parametric
• The method of using parameters and constraints to
  drive object size and location to produce designs
  with features that adapt to changes made to other
  features.

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Glossary

• Revision History block
• Also called the revision block, is used to record
  changes to the drawing.
• Solid model
• Contains information about object edges,
  vertices, surfaces, and mass. An exact digital
  representation of a product.
• Surface model
• Contains information about object edges,
  vertices, and surfaces.

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Glossary

• Three-dimensional (3D)
• An object having width, height, and depth
  dimensions.
• Two-dimensional (2D)
• A view having only width and height, width and
  length, or height and length dimensions.
• Wireframe model
• The most basic CADD model, and contains only
  information about object edges and vertices.

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Glossary

• Xerography
• A dry photographic or photocopying process in
  which a negative image formed by a resinous
  powder on an electrically charged plate is
  electrically transferred to and fixed as positive
  on a paper or other copying surface.
• Zoning
• A system of numbers along the top and bottom
  margins and letters along the left and right
  margins.