Title: Molecules of Life
1Molecules of Life
- Organic Molecules
- Biological Molecules
2Organic Molecules
- Why is this important?
- Cells are mostly water and carbon-based molecules
- Carbon has a valence of 4 so it will form a
tremendous variety of large, complex and diverse
molecules - Large variety of molecules diversity of life
3Unity in Diversity
- All life is composed of carbon compounds (Unity)
- Diversity of life is due to various ways carbon
can be assembled - Organic chemistry study of the compounds
formed by carbon
4Organic Chemistry
- The four valence electrons in carbon enable it to
be bonded in four different directions - Usually forms COVALENT bonds with Hydrogen
- Often oxygen, nitrogen
- Four most common elements are CHON
51
6
1
1
1
6H
C
H
H
H
7H
H
C
C
H
H
H
H
8H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
9C
C
C
C
10C
C
C
C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18H
C
OH
H
H
19H
H
C
OH
N
H
H
20H
C
OH
H
N
H
H
21Organic Chemistry
- Functional groups clusters of atoms that have a
specific role on the molecule - OH hydroxide (polar)
- NH2 amino (polar)
- COOH carboxyl (polar)
- CH3 methyl (nonpolar)
22Organic Chemistry
Each carbon has 4 bonds
H
C
Rings
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
C
H
23Organic Chemistry
Sometimes the carbon atoms form double bonds with
itself
C
Rings
C
C
C
C
C
Benzene ring
24Organic Chemistry
C
Rings
OH
C
C
C
C
O
C
25Organic Chemistry
O
C
OH
C
C
C
C
O
C
26Organic Chemistry
- Functional groups change the chemical properties
of a molecule - The great diversity of life is caused by only a
few molecules with different arrangements of
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS - Biochemistry - chemistry of living things
27Differences in functional groups
The rearrangement of FUNCTIONAL GROUPS on a
molecule causes major changes in its function
28Biochemistry
- Four basic carbon molecules important to all
living things - Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
29Biochemistry
- The four basic molecules are long chains of
smaller molecules linked together - A train formed by various types of cars
30Biochemistry
- Smaller molecules are called MONOMERS
- Long chains are called
- POLYMERS
- Polymers are large molecules
- MACROMOLECULES large polymer
31What You Have to Know
- For each of the 4 types of molecules
- How each molecule is formed
- The types and names of the monomers
- The role of each molecule in life
32How Are Organic Compounds Formed?
- Monomers smaller functional molecules that can
be linked together - Macromolecule large molecule
- Polymers macromolecules formed by linking
monomers together
33Polymerization
- Many monomers are linked together to form
macromolecules - Dehydration synthesis
34Monomer
Monomer
Monomer
Monomer
35How Are Organic Compounds Formed?
- Dehydration synthesis p. 41
- OH- combines with OH- from adjacent monomer
(molecule) - OH OH HOH O
- HOH H2O
36How Are Organic Compounds Formed?
- Dehydration synthesis polymers are formed from
monomers by the removal of water - All four compounds important to life are formed
by dehydration synthesis
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39Macromolecules dehydration synthesis
40Monomers/Polymers
- Dehydration synthesis building polymers
- Hydrolysis breaking down polymers into monomers
414 Types of Macromolecules
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
42Carbohydrates
- Sugars three types
- Monosaccharides one sugar
- Disaccharides two sugar
- Polysaccharides many sugar
43Carbohydrates
- Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
- C(n)H2O
- C6H12O6 glucose
- C6H12O6 - fructose
- C5H10O5 - ribose
- C12H22O11 sucrose
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45Carbohydrates Monomers
- Simple sugars
- Monosaccharides one sweet
- Glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose, galactose
- Most monosaccharides are used as a source of
energy - Ribose and deoxyribose form part of the structure
of DNA, RNA
46Carbohydrates Monomers
- Glucose 1 sugar, most used sugar for energy,
all organisms - Fructose very sweet fruits
47Di-saccharides
- Di two
- Two monosaccharides joined together by.
- DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
- Energy storage
48Disaccharides
- Glucose glucose maltose germinating seeds,
malt in beer - Glucose fructose sucrose table sugar
- Galactose glucose lactose milk
49Disaccharides
50Sugars a Major Cause of a Tooth Decay
Feed bacteria
51Polysaccharides
- Poly many
- Long chain of monosaccharides
- Starch
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
52Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides
- poly many
- Many monosaccharides polysaccharide
- Macromolecule
53Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides
- Examples
- Cellulose used to make cell walls of plants
indigestible without bacteria in gut fiber - Starch stored glucose in plants
- Glygogen stored glucose in animals
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55Carbohydrates Functions
- Energy storage
- Structure plant cell walls
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
56Types of Macromolecules
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
57Lipids
- Three types of lipids
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
58Lipids - Triglycerides
- Examples
- Fats
- Oils
- Waxes
- Insoluble in water - nonpolar
59Triglycerides
- Glycerol three fatty acids
- Dehydration synthesis
- Lots of C-H bonds lots of energy
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61Triglycerides
62Triglycerides
- 2 types of triglycerides
- Saturated
- Unsaturated
- Saturated fats have no double bonds are full
(saturated) with hydrogen
63Saturated fat fatty acids, full of hydrogen
64Unsaturated fat fatty acids with double bonds
less hydrogen less energy
65Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acid
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67Types of Fats
- Saturated
- No double bonds
- Saturated w/ H
- Solids _at_ (200)
- Animal fats
- Bacon grease, lard, butter
- Unsaturated
- Double bond(s)
- Unsaturated
- Liquids _at_ (200)
- Plant fats (oil)
- Corn, peanut, olive oils
68Triglycerides
- Link (?) between saturated fats in diet and
arteriosclerosis
69Fats Functions
- Store energy
- More energy in fats than in carbohydrates birds
eat sunflower seeds first (fats) - Padding (eye, other organs)
- Insulation (keep you warmer seals, whales)
70Fats
71Lipids - Phospholipids
- Triglyceride - One of the fatty acid tails is
replaced with a phosphate group - Phospho lipid
- Major component of cell membrane
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74Fatty acids
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77Lipids Steroids
- Sex hormones
- Testosterone male
- Estrogen female
78Lipids Steroids
- Anabolic steroids artificially created
testosterone - Mimics male hormone
- Increased muscle mass
- Decreased sex drive, infertility
- Heart, liver problems
79Lipids - Steroids
- Insoluble in water (nonpolar)
- Very different from other lipids in structure
- 4 fused carbon rings with various FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS - Cholesterol basic molecule used in cell
membrane also used to make other steroids
(estrogen and testosterone)
80Cholesterol
Cholesterol
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82Lipids - Steroids
- Anabolic steroids synthetic variations of
testosterone - Builds muscle and bone mass during puberty
maintains male characteristics - Used in 1950s to treat anemia and muscle
diseases - Abused by athletes linked to liver damage,
cardiovascular, mood swings
83Proteins
- Protein first place
- Composed of AMINO ACIDS (monomers)
- 20 different kinds of amino acids
84Amino group
85Amino group
Carboxyl COOH
86Amino group
Carboxyl COOH
Side group
87Amino Acids
- Differences between the 20 amino acids are caused
by different R (side) groups - Amino acids are linked together by dehydration
synthesis - Bonds formed between amino acids are PEPTIDE
BONDS - Long chain of peptides polypeptide
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89Different amino acids caused by different side
groups
p. 72
90Proteins
- Peptide bond bond formed between two amino
acids (dehydration synthesis) - Long chain of peptides
- POLYPEPTIDE
- Polypeptides - proteins
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92- Amino acids are linked together in a SPECIFIC
sequence. Conformational shape - If the sequence gets messed up, the protein may
not function. May be fatal or only cause health
problems - Denaturation
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94Proteins Shape
- H bonding helps determine shape
- Breaking the H bond changes the shape of the
protein DENATURATION - Heat - cooking changes the shape of proteins
turn brown eggs turn white - Poisons chemicals change shape by interrupting
bonds (acids, bases, acetone)
95Proteins - Functions
- Structure feathers, hair, muscle, nail, horn
- Enzymes speed up reactions
- Hormones chemical messengers
- Carriers hemoglobin carries oxygen to cells
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100Nucleic Acids - Monomers
- Monomers NUCLEOTIDES
- Nucleotides
- A simple sugar
- A phosphate group
- A NITROGENOUS BASE
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102Adenine always bonds with Thymine Cytosine always
bonds with guanine A-T C-G
103H bonding
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106A T T C C G C A T G G G T C T T T T
T A A G G C G T A C C C A G A A A A
107DNA sequence genetic code
TACCATACTTTCGGCTACTTTTGGG
ATGGTATGATATCCGATGATAACCC
TACCATACTATAGGCTACTATTGGG
If A-T and C-G, what is the complimentary strand?
108Similarities in DNA sequences indicates close
evolutionary relationship