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Personality, Perception, and Attribution

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Title: Personality, Perception, and Attribution


1
Chapter 3
  • Personality, Perception, and Attribution

2
Variables Influencing Individual Behavior
3
Propositions of Interactional Psychology
  • Behavior function of a continuous,
    multi-directional interaction between person and
    situation
  • Person active in process
  • Changed by situations
  • Changes situations
  • People vary in many characteristics
  • Two situational interpretations
  • The objective situation
  • Persons subjective view of the situation

4
Definition of Personality
  • Personality a relatively stable set of
    characteristics that influences an individuals
    behavior

5
Personality Theories
  • Trait Theory understand individuals by breaking
    down behavior patterns into observable traits
  • Psychodynamic Theory emphasizes the unconscious
    determinants of behavior
  • Humanistic Theory emphasizes individual growth
    and improvement
  • Integrative Approach describes personality as a
    composite of an individuals psychological
    processes

6
Big Five Personality Traits
7
Personality Characteristics in Organizations
Locus of Control
Internal
External
8
Personality Characteristics in Organizations
  • Self-Efficacy beliefs and expectations about
    ones ability to accomplish a specific task
    effectively

Sources of self-efficacy Prior experiences and
prior success Behavior models (observing
success) Persuasion Assessment of current
physical and emotional capabilities

9
Personality Characteristics in Organizations
Self-Esteem
Feelings of Self Worth
10
Personality Characteristics in Organizations
Self-Monitoring Behavior based on cues
  • High self monitors
  • flexible adjust behavior according to the
    situation and the behavior of others
  • can appear unpredictable and inconsistent
  • Low self monitors
  • act from internal states rather than from
    situational cues
  • show consistency
  • less likely to respond to work group norms or
    supervisory feedback

11
Personality Characteristics in Organizations
  • Positive Affect an individuals tendency to
    accentuate the positive aspects of oneself, other
    people, and the world in general
  • Negative Affect an individuals tendency to
    accentuate the negative aspects of oneself, other
    people, and the world in general

12
Personality Characteristics in Organizations
13
Personality Characteristics in Organizations
Strong personalities will dominate in a
weak situation
14
Four Measures of Personality
  • Projective Test elicits an individuals
    response to abstract stimuli
  • Behavioral Measures personality assessments
    that involve observing an individuals behavior
    in a controlled situation

15
Four Measures of Personality
  • Self-Report Questionnaire assessment involving
    an individuals responses to questions
  • Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) instrument
    measuring Jungs theory of individual differences

16
Social Perception Model
17
Attribution Theory
  • Attribution Theory explains how individuals
    pinpoint the causes of their own behavior or that
    of others
  • Information cues for attribution information
    gathering
  • consensus
  • distinctiveness
  • consistency

18
Attribution Biases
  • Fundamental Attribution Error tendency to make
    attributions to internal causes when focusing on
    someone elses behavior
  • Self-Serving Bias tendency to attribute ones
    own successes to internal causes and ones
    failures to external causes
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