Adolescence Socioemotional Development

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AdolescenceSocioemotionalDevelopment
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Adolescents Must ConfrontTwo Major Tasks

• 1- Achieving autonomy from their parents
• 2- Forming an identity creating an integral
  self that harmoniously combines different aspects
  of personality.

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Who Am I?Where Do I Belong in the World?

• 1- Adolescents intellectual capabilities become
  adult like. They can now understand abstract
  issues.
• 2- The dramatic physical changes during puberty
  make adolescents acutely aware of their own
  bodies.

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Self-Concept

• 1- Adolescents distinguish others views of
  themselves from their own perceptions.
• Others look at me as laid-back and relaxed, but
  really, Im often nervous and emotional.
• 2- During the earlier years of adolescence,
  teenagers may want to view themselves in a
  certain way and may feel concerned when behavior
  is inconsistent with their view.
• Im a sociable person and love to be with
  people.

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Self-Esteem

• Gender
• SES
• Race
• Ethgender

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Independence and Interdependence

• The issue of the generation gap and the
  turbulent conflicts between parents and
  adolescents has been exaggerated.
• Daniel Offers study of 6,000 adolescents in 10
  diverse nations reveals that the vast majority of
  teenagers all over the world get along well their
  parents.

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John HillDefinition of Independence

• Self-regulation
• Making your own judgments
• Regulating your own behavior
• Think for yourself
• Definitions of autonomy that stress freedom from
  parental influence need to be reevaluated.

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Interdependence

• Reciprocal dependence
• Social relationships are interdependent
• Example
• Bosses depend on their workers to produce, and
  workers depend on their bosses to manage the
  enterprise.

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Identity Development Eric Erikson

• Identity Vs. Identity Confusion

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Identity DevelopmentJames Marcia

• Four Modes or Identity Statuses
• 1- Identity Achievement
• 2- Identity Foreclosure
• 3- Identity Diffusion
• 4- Identity Moratorium

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1- Identity Achievement

• The identity status of those who have gone
  through an identity crisis, considered various
  alternatives, and then committed to a certain
  identity.
• Adolescents in this status have the most balanced
  feelings towards their parents

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2- Identity Foreclosure

• The identity status of those who have made
  commitments to an identity without going through
  a period of crisis in which they explored
  alternatives. Instead, they accepted others
  decisions about what was best for them.
• They are happy and self-satisfied.
• They have a high need for approval.
• They tend to be authoritarian.

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3- Identity Diffusion

• Those who have neither gone through an identity
  crisis nor made commitments.
• Teenagers who have experienced rejection from
  detached and uncaring parents.
• They may become drop outs, or may turn to drugs
  to run away from responsibility.
• They are unable to have a close relationship

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4- Moratorium

• Explored various alternatives, but are not
  committed and are still in the midst of an
  identity crisis.
• They struggle with conflicting values and choices
  and are always faced with unpredictability.
• They show high anxiety and experience
  psychological conflict

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Family Dynamics

• 1- Parenting Styles
• 2- Conflict
• 3- Family Alliances
• 4- Leaving Home

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Parenting Styles
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Effects of Different Parenting Styles

• A
• U
• T
• O
• R
• I
• T
• A
• R
• I
• A
• N

• Tend to produce children who are
• Withdrawn
• Fearful
• Dependent
• Moody
• Unassertive
• Irritable

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Effects of Different Parenting Styles

• P
• E
• R
• M
• I
• S
• S
• I
• V
• E

• Tend to produce children who are
• Rebellious
• Aggressive
• Self-indulgent
• Socially inept
• Creative
• Outgoing

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Effects of Different Parenting Styles

• A
• U
• T
• H
• O
• R
• I
• T
• A
• T
• I
• V
• E

• Tend to produce children who are
• Self-reliant
• Self-controlled
• Socially competent
• With high self-esteem
• Do better in school

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Effects of Different Parenting Styles

• I
• N
• D
• I
• F
• F
• E
• R
• E
• N
• T

• They produce children who are
• The child feels free to
• give rein to the most
• destructive impulses

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The Judge
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The Psychologist
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The Consoler
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The Critic
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The Know-It-All
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The Moralist
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The Commander-in-Chief
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2- Why Is Conflict between adolescents and
Parents Greater During Early Adolescence

• 1- At the start of adolescence, the relation is
  asymmetrical.
• 2- By the end of adolescence, the relation is
  symmetrical.
• 3- Differing definitions of and rationales for
  appropriate/inappropriate behavior.
• 4- The newly sophisticated reasoning of
  adolescents leads teenagers to question parents
  rules.

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3- Family Alliances

• It is important for parents to maintain a united
  front and a distinct boundary between themselves
  and their children.
• A close bond between a child and one parent that
  excludes the other can be destructive.
• Adolescents try to test new roles to achieve new
  identity, and parental authority may be severely
  tested.

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4- Leaving HomeThree Dimensions of Family
Functioning

• 1- Cohesion
• 2- Adaptability
• 3- Quality of Communication

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Relationships with Peers

• 1- Peers Provide the opportunity to compare and
  evaluate opinions, abilities, and physical
  changes a process called social comparison
• 2- Peers may serve as a reference groups groups
  of people with whom one compares oneself.

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Belonging

• Cliques
• Crowds
• Dating

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Adolescence Dating

• It can be used as entertainment.
• It can be used to develop a sense of ones own
  identity.
• Dating is often a superficial activity.
• Participants never really expose themselves
  emotionally.
• They dont really let down their guard.

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Sexual Orientation

• 1- Genetic and biological factors may play a
  part.
• Studies of twins
• Structure of the brain
• 2- Family, peers, and environmental factors may
  play a role.

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When Adolescence Goes Awry

• Risk Taking
• Drug Abuse
• Tobacco
• Alcohol
• Marijuana
• Cocaine
• Heroin

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Risk Factors for Depression

• 1- Biological Factors
• 2- Negative body image
• 3- Low popularity
• 4- Low achievement in school
• 5- Family dysfunction
• 6- Marital Discord

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DepressionProtective Factors

• 1- Good relationships with parents
• 2- A particular area of competence and expertise
• 3- A role that includes responsibility

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Why Is Depression More Common Among Girls?

• Girls are worried about doing well at school and
  about being popular.
• Girls are more apt than boys to experience
  helplessness
• Boys externalize the stress and act aggressively
  and may turn to alcohol
• Little evidence links hormonal production to
  depression

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Reasons for Suicide

• 1- Depression
• 2- Perfectionism and high levels of anxiety
• 3- Family conflicts
• 4- Abuse and neglect
• 5- Drug and alcohol abuse
• 6- Cluster suicide
• 7- Access to and use of firearms

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Juvenile Delinquency

• Undersocialized Delinquents
• Tend to be relatively aggressive early in life
• Tend to be rejected by peers
• They fail academically
• Tend to be less intelligent
• Some are diagnosed with ADHD
• Socialized Delinquents
• Commit petty crimes, but dont continue
  law-breaking