SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESENCE

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CHAPTER 17

• SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESENCE

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IDENTITY
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Identity Encompasses a wide range of factors,
including career choices, religion, personal
relationship, intellectual ability and interests,
sexual identity, ethnic identity, hobbies,
personality, and physical self-concept.Some
Contemporary Thoughts Identity formation begins
with attachment and progresses through childhood,
adolescence, and adulthood within the context of
physical, social, and cognitive
development.Development Changes The changes
of identity are believed to be active in late
adolescence and into youth, where the cycle seems
to e moratorium-achievement, followed by
moratorium-achievement, and so on through each
area of identity influence (i.e., politics,
religion).Family Influences The family allows
the individual to self-assert and develop a point
of view, as well as providing connectiveness and
sensitivity to others point of view and
mutuality to a particular point of view.
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THE COURSE OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

• Germinal period creation of the zygote one
  week after conception 100/150 cells.
• Embryonic period support systems for cells
  2/8 weeks after conception.
• Fetal period begins at two months, lasts for
  seven period of organ growth.

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• Culture, Ethnicity, and Gender Identity is
  often tied to ethnic identity, where one has a
  sense of membership in an ethnic group and adopts
  the attitudes and feelings related to that group.
• Gender and identity development Eriksons fifth
  stage is identity vs. identity confusion he
  argues that minority groups attempt to keep their
  cultural identities and that there are two
  separate identities for male and female.

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FAMILIES
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• Autonomy and Attachment
• Autonomy The adolescents push for autonomy
  often brings him into conflict with the family.
  Lacking the knowledge for mature decisions, but
  not the perspective to understand that is a
  source of conflict.
• Attachment Secure attachment in adolescence may
  facilitate social competence. There are three
  categories of attachment in this age period
  dismissing/avoidant where there is a non-belief
  in the importance of attachment by both parents
  and teen preoccupied/ambivalent where
  adolescents are hypertuned to attachment
  experiences, where there is too much attachment
  an unresolved/disorganized an insecure category
  where adolescents have an unusually high level of
  fear, often caused by a parents death or abuse.

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Parent Adolescent Conflict An increased level
of conflict is characterized by the adolescent
period caused, probably, by pubertal development,
cognitive development (increased idealism and
logical reasoning), and social changes of
independence and identity. In some ways, these
conflicts can help the teen develop strategies to
cope, and hence to mature.The Maturation of
Adolescents and Parents While adolescents are
undergoing physical, cognitive, and
socioemotional changes, parents are often
enduring personal struggle with economic
problems, career stagnation, and marital
struggles.
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PEERS
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• Peer Groups Conformity is a byproduct of peer
  group association and influence it may be
  negative or positive.
• Cliques group identity a mode of gaining
  self-esteem, an outlet for self-expression.
• Adolescent groups vs. children groups in
  childhood, groups function as a gathering point
  for friends and are not as formalized. These
  groups are also very homogeneous. Adolescent
  groups are more likely to be heterogeneous in
  gender, interests, and ethnicity.

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Friendships Adolescence is a time for dramatic
increase in the importance and intimacy of
friendship. Parents are cut out of the intimacy
and are replaced by one or two peers. Friends
are more willing to discuss personal matters with
each other than with parents.Youth
Organizations There are many youth
organizations in the United States (e.g., 4-H,
Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Junior Achievement).
Adolescents involved with such groups generally
have higher self-esteem, are self-motivated,
better educated, and come from a higher
socioeconomic status. These organizations
provide excellent developmental contexts.
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• Ethnicity
• Ethnicity and socioeconomic status An
  over-representation of ethnic minorities in the
  lower segment of socioeconomic status can cause
  stereotypical labeling relative to culture and
  adolescent development. This places many of
  these youth with an additional burden dealing
  with development adolescent issues and those of
  prejudice, discrimination, and the stressful
  effects of poverty.
• Differences and diversity A common error in
  discussing ethnicity is to overlook the diversity
  within a given ethnic group. For example, there
  are 511 Native American tribes Asian Americans
  are also Koreans, Vietnamese, Japanese, and
  Chinese.
• Adolescence A special juncture for ethnic
  minority individuals this concept is best
  summed up by Spencer and Dornbusch Ethnic
  minority youths awareness of negative
  appraisals, conflicting values, and restricted
  occupational opportunities can influence their
  life choices and plans for the future.

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ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS Juvenile Delinquency A
juvenile delinquent is one who engages in illegal
behavior. Delinquency rates run higher for
minority adolescents and particularly high for
African Americans.

• Causes of delinquency Erikson believes it may
  be caused by adolescents restricted from normal
  acceptable social roles. Some believe the norms
  of socioeconomic status are by nature
  crime-oriented. Family supports systems are
  associated with delinquency. Youth violence
  From guns to physical violence there appears to e
  a prevalence of youth violence in the United
  States. School shootings have highlighted this
  violence. Again secure attachment to an intact
  family proves to be a deterrent.

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• Depression and Suicide Depression Prevalent
  in adolescence, the causes stem from families
  with marital and financial problems to
  self-concept issues. Suicide More prevalent in
  adolescence, the numbers have increased, but more
  important are the numbers of teens who attempt
  suicide a rate that is higher for females than
  males however, males actually succeed at a
  higher rate.The Interrelation of Problems and
  Successful Prevention/Intervention Programs
  Three strategies seem to provide help (1)
  intensive individualized attention, (2)
  communitywide, mulitagency collaboration, and (3)
  early identification and intervention.