World War One: Casualties

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World War One Casualties

• Millions
• Austria-Hungary 7.00
• Russia 9.15
• Germany 7.00
• Italy 2.15
• Britain 3.00
• USA 0.36

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Woodrow WilsonFourteen Points
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The 14 Points January 8, 1918

• I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at,
  after which there shall be no private
  international understandings of any kind but
  diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the
  public view.
• II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas,
  outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in
  war.
• III. The removal, so far as possible, of all
  economic barriers and the establishment of an
  equality of trade conditions among all the
  nations consenting to the peace and associating
  themselves for its maintenance.
• IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that
  national armaments will be reduced to the lowest
  point consistent with domestic safety.
• V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial
  adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a
  strict observance of the principle that in
  determining all such questions of sovereignty the
  interests of the populations concerned must have
  equal weight with the equitable claims of the
  government whose title is to be determined.
• VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and
  such a settlement of all questions affecting
  Russia as will secure the best and freest
  cooperation of the other nations of the world in
  obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed
  opportunity for the independent determination of
  her own political development and national policy
  and assure her of a sincere welcome into the
  society of free nations under institutions of her
  own choosing..

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The 14 Points

• VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be
  evacuated and restored, without any attempt to
  limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common
  with all other free nations
• VIII. All French territory should be freed and
  the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done
  to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of
  Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of
  the world for nearly fifty years, should be
  righted, in order that peace may once more be
  made secure in the interest of all.
• IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy
  should be effected along clearly recognizable
  lines of nationality.
• X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place
  among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and
  assured, should be accorded the freest
  opportunity to autonomous development.
• XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be
  evacuated occupied territories restored Serbia
  accorded free and secure access to the sea.
• XII. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman
  Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty,
  but the other nationalities which are now under
  Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted
  security of life and an absolutely unmolested
  opportunity of autonomous development.
• XIII. An independent Polish state should be
  erected which should include the territories
  inhabited by indisputably Polish populations,
  which should be assured a free and secure access
  to the sea, and whose political and economic
  independence and territorial integrity should be
  guaranteed by international covenant.
• XIV. A general association of nations must be
  formed under specific covenants for the purpose
  of affording mutual guarantees of political
  independence and territorial integrity to great
  and small states alike.

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The Peace Settlement 1919The Big Four in Paris
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Tiger ClemenceauThe Welsh WizardDavid Lloyd
George
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Germanys Losses
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German Reaction to Peace Terms

• Leader of the German Peace Delegation Count von
  Brockdorff-Rantzau's Letter to Paris Peace
  Conference President Georges Clemenceau on the
  Subject of Peace Terms, May 1919
• Mr. President
• I have the honour to transmit to you herewith the
  observations of the German delegation on the
  draft treaty of peace.
• We came to Versailles in the expectation of
  receiving a peace proposal based on the agreed
  principles.  We were firmly resolved to do
  everything in our power with a view of fulfilling
  the grave obligations which we had undertaken. 
  We hoped for the peace of justice which had been
  promised to us.
• We were aghast when we read in documents the
  demands made upon us, the victorious violence of
  our enemies.  The more deeply we penetrate into
  the spirit of this treaty, the more convinced we
  become of the impossibility of carrying it out. 
  The exactions of this treaty are more than the
  German people can bear.
• With a view to the re-establishment of the Polish
  State we must renounce indisputably German
  territory - nearly the whole of the Province of
  West Prussia, which is preponderantly German of
  Pomerania Danzig, which is German to the core
  we must let that ancient Hanse town be
  transformed into a free State under Polish
  suzerainty..

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German Reaction

• . We must agree that East Prussia shall be
  amputated from the body of the State, condemned
  to a lingering death, and robbed of its northern
  portion, including Memel, which is purely German.
• We must renounce Upper Silesia for the benefit of
  Poland and Czecho-Slovakia, although it has been
  in close political connection with Germany for
  more than 750 years, is instinct with German
  life, and forms the very foundation of industrial
  life throughout East Germany.
• Preponderantly German circles (Kreise) must be
  ceded to Belgium, without sufficient guarantees
  that the plebiscite, which is only to take place
  afterward, will be independent.  The purely
  German district of the Saar must be detached from
  our empire, and the way must be paved for its
  subsequent annexation to France, although we owe
  her debts in coal only, not in men.
• For fifteen years Rhenish territory must be
  occupied, and after those fifteen years the
  Allies have power to refuse the restoration of
  the country in the interval the Allies can take
  every measure to sever the economic and moral
  links with the mother country, and finally to
  misrepresent the wishes of the indigenous
  population.
• Although the exaction of the cost of the war has
  been expressly renounced, yet Germany, thus cut
  in pieces and weakened, must declare herself
  ready in principle to bear all the war expenses
  of her enemies, which would exceed many times
  over the total amount of German State and private
  assets.

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The Economic Consequences of the Peace

• If the European Civil war is to end with France
  and Italy abusing their momentary victorious
  power to destroy Germany and Austria-Hungary now
  prostrate, they invite their own destruction
  also, being so deeply and inextricably
  intertwined with their victims by hidden psychic
  and economic bonds. (p. 3)
• J.M. Keynes (1920)

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Nazi PropagandaThe territories weve lost
thanks to Versailles
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The End of Austria-Hungary
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New Leaders Masaryk and Paderewski
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Meanwhile in RussiaFrom Tsarism to Kerensky
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From Kerensky to Lenin.to Bela Kun
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Josef Pilsudski and Poland
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Greece and TurkeyVenizelos and Ataturk
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The Middle East in 1920
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The League of Nations
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The Locarno Pact 1925Aristide Briand Gustav
Stresemann