World War One 19141919

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Causes of the Great War

• 1. Nationalism
• The nations that were created in the 19th century
  were highly competitive.
• German Unification of 1871
• Franco-Prussian War of 1871
• Alsace Lorraine
• Wilhelms Parade
• Austria-Hungary
• 11 different nationalities
• Pan Slavism
• Serbian and Russian Support

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Causes - Nationalism, cont

• Russian Fears
• Germany could close ports
• Internal dissention of Czar
• Economic hardship and military embarrassment
• France
• Revenge for 1871
• Ottoman Empire
• Last effort to regain Balkans
• Great Britain
• Continued trade

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Causes, cont...

• 2. Imperialism
• Race for Africa
• European powers needed
• foreign markets to support industrial
• revolution
• Boer War
• Ottoman Empire was the weak
• sister and Austria-Hungary
• wanted full control
• North African clashes

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Causes, cont...

• 3. Alliances
• The Triple Alliance of 1882
• Bismarck's majority of three
• The Triple Entente of 1907
• Nations defended their allies at all costs
• Brinkmanship
• War was acceptable to defend honor

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1882
1907
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Causes Alliances, cont.

• Breakdown of Alliances
• Wilhelm fired Bismarck
• Majority of three gone for Germany
• Reinsurance Treaty
• Austria-Hungary and Russia disagreed in Balkans,
  but promised to stay neutral if at war

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Causes, cont...

• 4. Militarism
• Wilhelms War Games
• Love of British Navy
• Universal Conscription
• General Staffs
• Mobilization
• Von Schlieffen Plan
• Standing armies double from 1870 to 1914
• Hague Conference
• 1907 to end military buildup

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Causes, cont...

• 5. Crisis
• Morocco
• Germany wanted their independence to irritate the
  French
• Bosnia
• Serbs pushed Austria-Hungary for independence
• Russian support of Slavs
• 1908 mobilization and brinkmanship
• Morocco II
• France broke earlier agreement of 1904
• Gave parts of French Congo to Germany
• Balkan Wars
• Fought amongst themselves in 1912 and 1913 after
  defeat of Turks

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Causes, cont...

• 6. The Balkans (immediate cause)
• Tension between Russia and Austria-Hungary on
  control of the newly formed states. Russia
  supported Serbia. Austria-Hungary was a country
  with eleven different languages that created a
  minority problem.
• The Black Hand assassinated Archduke Francis
  Ferdinand and his wife. First attempt failed but
  Gavrillo Princip succeeded (6-18-14).
• Austria-Hungary looked to blame Serbia and other
  slavs.
• Thirty Days
• July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on
  Serbia
• August 1, 1914 Germany declared war on Russia
• August 3, 1914 Germany declared war on France

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Objective of War

• Conquer and Destroy enemys will to resist
• Take possession of enemy territory
• Gain and Maintain public opinion

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The War

• The von Schlieffen Plan
• Count Alfred von Schlieffen, Chief of the Great
  General Staff, 1891-1905
• Six weeks to knock out France
• Through Belgium next to sea to Paris in wheel
  like motion
• Von Moltkes ultimatum to Belgium
• Plan 17
• Ferdinand Foch and Joseph Joffre
• Recapture of Alsace and Lorraine
• Enthusiasm and misconception
• The nations cause was just
• Short war

Joffre
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The War

• United States Foreign Policy
• Neutrality
• Support American Economy
• Loans, war materiel and food
• Food Administration
• Hoover the great engineer

Wilson
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War, cont...

• Stalemate
• The von Schlieffen gamble didnt work
• Western Front was trench warfare. There were
  trenches from the English Channel to Switzerland.
• Soldiers lived underground for years
• No Mans Land

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The Western Front

• Liege, Belgium August 5, 1914
• Big Bertha
• Propaganda
• French Offensive in Alsace Lorraine
• Wore blue
• August 22, 1914
• 20,000 dead
• bloodiest day in French history

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War Plans
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The Frontiers
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The First Marne
20 miles
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Central Powers
PARIS
Allies
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Western Front

• Verdun
• The furnace and The Place of Judgment
• Symbol of French Victory
• Largest battle of the war
• 1 million total casualties
• 9 months, but France held

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Western Front

• The Somme
• 1,000,000 casualties
• July 1, 1916 worst day in British Military
  history
• 20,000 dead
• 40,000 wounded
• Gained on 6 miles in 4 months

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United States

• May 1915 - The Lusitanian
• Zimmerman Telegram
• U-Boats
• April 2, 1917 Declaration of War
• Doughboys
• 2 million volunteers
• 3 million drafted
• General Blackjack Pershing

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US, cont...

• Meuse-Argonne
• 47 days
• Casualties were minimal compared to European
  losses
• 175,000 casualties
• 52,000 dead

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Gallipoli Campaign

• Open a port for Russian access
• Few beaches and high cliffs
• British Prestige
• Stalemate and Trench Warfare
• General Kamal

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War, cont...

• Eastern Front
• Tremendous mobility
• Loss of life
• Russia soundly defeated by Germany and not a
  threat
• Austria-Hungary was defeated by Russia and Serbia
• Italy sided with Great Britain
• Central Powers and Allied Powers

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War, cont...

• The Great Slaughter
• After the eastern front had been determined the
  Germans concentrated on the West.
• War of attrition
• War had widened to include the Ottoman Empire,
  Bulgaria, the United States
• Total War

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Russian Revolution

• The war cost Tsar Nicholas II his thrown.
• 8 million casualties
• ill armed men and leaders
• lack of technology
• the middle class, aristocrats and peasants grew
  wary of the Tsar and Russian losses.

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Russian Rev., cont...

• A riot in St. Petersburg demonstrated that the
  Tsar did not have control
• Tsar Nicholas stepped down at the Dumas request.
• A Provisional Government was created and run by
  Alexander Kerensky
• They continued fighting the Great War
• Formation of soviets

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Russian Rev., cont...

• Bolshevik Seizure of Power
• Vladimir Lenin led the Russian Social Democrats
• Leon Trotsky
• November 6, 1917, seized the Winter Palace and
  executed the royal family
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended the Russian
  involvement in the Great War on March 3, 1918.
  Russia gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland,
  and the Baltic Provinces.

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Russian Rev., cont...

• Russian Civil War
• Red v. White
• By 1920, the Communist Party had gained complete
  control
• War communism

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End of the War

• Coup in Germany
• refused to fight
• Kaiser fled to Holland
• Spanish Influenza
• Genocide
• November 11, 1918 armistice
• 11am guns fell silent
• 9 million dead
• 13 million injured
• The Lost Generation (18-30)

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Peace Settlements

• Treaty of Versailles, June 28, 1919
• League of Nations
• War Guilt Clause
• Reparation

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