Book 3, Unit 8 CLONING

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Book 3, Unit 8 CLONING

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Title: Book 3, Unit 8 CLONING

1
Book 3, Unit 8 CLONING
2
Part I Cultural Notes

1. clone a group of organisms or cells that are
genetically identical, having been produced from
one parent by asexual reproduction. The
individual organisms or cells are precise copies
of the parent and genetically identical to it.
Clones are found naturally among single-celled
organisms ( such as bacteria), a few
invertebrates (such as corals), and some
asexually reproducing plants ( as in the
production of runners by a strawberry plant). In
agriculture, plant cloning can be used to
advantage, in that individuals with desirable
properties, such as pest-resistance or high
growth rates, can be replicated exactly without
the unpredictable results associated with sexual
reproduction. Artificial cloning of animals and
cells can be achieved by teasing apart the cells
of the early embryo. Similarly, cells capable of
growing into mature plants can be obtained from
plant growth-regions (meristems).
In genetic engineering cloning refers to the
copying of DNA molecules.

2. genetic engineering the deliberate
modification of the genetic make-up(genome) of an
organism by manipulation of its DNA. Genetic
engineering techniques include cell fusion and
the use of recombinant DNA (r DNA). Since the
late 1960s these techniques have held out the
most exciting promise for biotechnology.
In such a new field controversy inevitably
abounds. Worries concerning release of
genetically novel bacteria into the environment,
or the possible manipulation of human embryos,
have led to the setting up in the USA of the
Genetic Manipulation Advisory Group (GMAG).
Legislation governing genetic research has also
been passed in several other countries.

3. NARCISSUS ( in Greek mythology) a beautiful
youth who spurned the love of the nymph Echo and
in punishment was made to fall in love with his
own reflection he pined away gazing at himself
in a pool and at his death was changed into the
flower bearing his name narcissus.

4. Prometheus in Greek mythology, a Titan who
made the first man from clay and stole fire from
the gods to give to mankind. In revenge for the
theft, Zeus chained Prometheus to a rock, where
his liver was eaten every day by an eagle, only
to grow again ever night. Herecules eventually
rescued him. Prometheus has been seen as a symbol
of reedom, rebellion against tyranny, and of
creative imagination.

5. Oppenheimer, ( Julius) Robert (1904-1967) US
physicist. He was appointed in 1942 as director
of the Manhattan Project, the secret project to
develop the atomic bomb in the USA during World
War II, based at Los Alamos, New Mexico, which in
1945 made the first atomic bomb. In 1953, at the
height of the witch-hunting campaign led by the
US Senator Joseph McCarthy, Oppenheimer was
excluded from sensitive research on the grounds
that he had Communist sympathies, but
subsequently (1963) he was unreservedly
rehabilitated.

6. Hiroshima Japanese city in southern Honshu.
Hitherto largely undamaged by the US bombing
campaign, Hiroshima became the target of the
first atomic bomb attack on 6 august 1945, which
resulted in the virtual obliteration of the city
centre and the deaths of about one-third of the
population of 300,000. The attach on Hiroshima,
together with that on Ngasaki three days later,
helped bring about Japans unconditional
surrender and the end of World War II.

7. Nagasaki Japanese city in Kyushu. On 9 August
1945, three days after the first atomic bomb
attack on Hiroshima, Nagasaki became the next
target. The hilly terrain protected the
population of 230,000 from the full effects of
the explosion, but 40,0000 people were killed and
tremendous destruction caused. On the following
day Japan offered to surrender and the ceasefire
began on 15 August, the official surrender
finally being signed on 2 September.

9
Part II Language Points

1. clone any of a group of plants or animals
produced from the cells of a single ancestor and
therefore exactly the same as it is.
e.g. Researchers produced clones from adult mice
in 1998.
Although two clones are identical
genetically, they may
develop in different ways.
e.g. Researchers in Japan have cloned eight
calves from
the cells of a single adult cow.
The idea of cloning extinct life forms still
belongs to
science fiction.
Experiments to try to clone human embryos
have met
with hostility from some sections
of the public.

2. give birth to 1) bear (a bird), bring forth
e.g. Although a mother panda often gives birth to
two cubs, she
usually abandons one of them
without attempting to care for it.
The research has shown that mothers who
smoke give birth
more frequently to premature or
underweight babies.
create, originate
e.g. The extraordinary experience gave birth to
his latest novel.
Einstein gave birth to a whole new way of
looking at matter
and energy.
3. for all the world in every respect exactly
e.g. I felt for all the world as if I was still a
child.
He looked for all the world like a country
doctor.

4. dot spread things or people in various
separate places over an
area
e.g. From the top floor we could see the trees
dotting the landscape.
The sky was dotted with stars.
n. a small round mark
e.g. He forgot the dot on the letter i and so it
looked like and 1.
The stars just look like thousands of tiny
dots of light.
5. union a uniting or being united combination
an organization of
workers form a particular
profession, an association or club.
e.g. Marriage is a socially recognized and
approved union between
individuals.
Labor unions bargained with employers to
determine issues
such as wages, conditions of
work, and worker security.

6. fuse ( cause to ) join together ( followed by
with)
e.g. Nearly 50 percent of the cumulus cells that
successfully fused
with an egg developed into an
advanced embryo.
Genes determine how we develop from the
moment the
sperm fuses with the egg.
7. gene a unit in a chromosome which controls
inherited
characteristics
e.g. Genetics is the study of the function and
behavior of genes.
The human Genome Project has to far
identified nearly all of
the estimated 31,000 genes in the
nucleus of a human cell.
The DNA is divided into units called
genes, just like a long
train is divided into separate
cars.

8. take up go and live move into ( a certain
position)
e.g. The hunter took up his quarters in a hut.
As the crowd grew, riot police took up
their
positions.
UN peacekeeping forces are expected to
take up
positions along the Afghanistan
border.
9. residence the fact of living in a particular
place
e.g. He took up his permanent residence in China.
Campus residence halls provide common
settings
for students to form new bonds with
peers who
share similar experiences.
More immigrants were admitted to the
United
States for permanent residence in
recent years.

10. identical exactly alike or equal the very
same ( followed by to)
e.g. The journalist David Rorvik wrote a true
story of a billionaires
quest to produce a son identical
to himself.
Although Euro bills are identical in all
countries, each country can
issue its own coins.
11. twin persons who have the same mother and
were born on the
same day
e.g. The two boys looked like twins.
He has a twin brother and a younger
brother.
Unlike my friend, I think there are many
positive aspects to being
a twin.
12. beforehand in advance earlier
e.g. Catherine got married without telling anyone
beforehand.
Mum had done most of the cooking
beforehand, so we werent
tied to the kitchen.

13. oppose express strong disapproval with the
aim of preventing or
changing a course
of action resist
e.g. My father opposed my wish to become a
musician.
The local residents strongly opposed the
chemical companies
dumping their waste in the sea.
be opposed to be against
e.g. We are utterly opposed to any form of
terrorism.
They are strongly opposed to the presence
of American troops
in this region.
14. theoretical concerned with the theory of a
subject based on theory
e.g. Information theory is primarily a
theoretical study.
With his brilliant theoretical work,
Albert Einstein revolutionized
20th century physics.
Aristole defined the basic concepts and
principles of many of the
theoretical sciences, such as
logic, biology and physics.

15. in principle as far as basic principles are
concerned
e.g. In principle, clones may even be essentially
immortal, dying only
from disease or the deterioration
of the environment.
In principle, Quantum theory could be used
to predict the
behavior of any physical,
chemical, or biological system.
16. offensive causing sb. To feel upset,
insulted or annoyed
e.g. Minority groups are protected from hateful
and offensive speech
and actions on campus.
The document did not appear to contain any
offensive
statements.
17. compromise a settlement in which each side
gives up some
demands
e.g. In order to reduce carbon monoxide emissions
from motor
vehicles but at the same tieme
develop the industry, a
compromise was reached.
The two countries continued to have
difficulties reaching a compromise
on a solution to the problem of
acid rain.

18. potential the possibility of sth. Happening
or being developed
e.g. The potential for abuse of genetic
engineering has presented
society with many ethical and
legal controversies.
The best single indicator of a states
great-power potential may
be its total Gross Domestic
Product (GDP).
Volcanoes have the potential to create
some of the planets most
formidable natural disasters.
a. that can, but has not yet, come into being
possible
e.g. In large cities with a million or more
potential customers, there
are much larger clothing stores
with many more choices of items
and styles.
In the article Wilmut discussed
potential medical uses for cloning,
and ethical issues surrounding
cloning technology.
Scientists can only speculate on the
potential impact of the
depletion of the ozone layer.

19. tolerate allow (sth.) that one does not like
to happen or
continue put up with
e.g. College president sent letters to every
student saying that drugs on campus
would
not be tolerated.
Teachers will not tolerate cheating on
exams, just as parents will not let
their
children lie and get away with it.
20. ancient belonging to times that are long
past
e.g. Furniture designs have reflected the fashion
of
very era from ancient times to the
present.
Hebrew is an ancient language that became
extinct,
but has now been brought back to
life and is spoken
today.

21. catalog (also catalogue) a complete list of
items
e.g. Users outside the library can access
millions of
bibliographic records, including
the entire card
catalog, through the Internet.
Dell sells its products directly to
customers through
the Internet and mail order
catalogs rather than
through retail outlets.
22. terrify make (sb.)very frightened
e.g. Flying has terrified some people since the
terrorists attack on the World
Trade Center.
The gunmans threats terrified her into
handing
over the money.

23. normally under normal circumstances
ordinarily
e.g. During 26 years of research on sharks I have
found them to be normally
unaggressive and even
timid toward man.
Greatly affected by E1 Nino, areas that
are
normally wet, such as Indonesia,
the Philippines
and eastern Australia have
experienced drought.
24. mixture a combination of two or more things
or styles
e.g. A mixture of cultures form around the world
is reflected in the
street festivals and ethnic
celebrations in New York City.
Offspring receive a mixture of genetic
information from both
parents.
Smog, a mixture of smoke and fog,
irritates the eyes, throat,
and lungs and also damages plants.

25. brilliant very intelligent extremely clever
e.g. With his brilliant theoretical work, Albert
Einstein
revolutionized 20th century
physics.
It was his brilliant performance in Hamelt
that established his
reputation.
The Hubble telescope is a brilliant new
device that allows us
to peer far more deeply into
heavens.
26. inherit 1) have features or qualities from
an ancestor
e.g. Although all humans share the same set of
genes, individuals can
inherit different forms of a
given gene, making each person
genetically unique.
Deficiencies in immune function may be
either inherited or acquired.
While people biologically inherit many
physical traits and behavioral
instincts, culture is socially
inherited.
2) receive (money, property, etc. of an
ancestor)
e.g. He has no son to inherit his land.
Mary inherited the money form her parents.

27. comment a written or spoken remark giving an
opinion
e.g. He was making rude comments about her
haircut.
There has been no comment so far from
police
about the bomb attack happening
yesterday.
v. (followed by on)
e.g. The president refused to comment on the
issued
of gun violence on campus.
The teacher commented on the fact that
some
students were absent for class.
28. genius (a person who has) exceptionally
great
creative ability
e.g. Thomas Edison is considered a genius of
invention.
From the age of three, she showed signs of
genius.

29. atomic concerning atoms or the energy
released by them
e.g. On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped
an atomic
bomb on Hiroshima, Japan.
As the atomic nuclei are fused together,
an extraordinary
amount of energy is released.
30. curiosity a strong desire to know and learn
(followed by
about)
e.g. Science museums stimulate curiosity and
allow people to
learn at their own space.
As a youth Einstein showed a brilliant
curiosity about nature
and an ability to understand
difficult mathematical concepts.
My daughter showed an enthusiasm and
curiosity about
Chinese history.
31. let loose set free release
e.g. Dont let that dog loose in the yard, as it
will terrify the kids.
Trainees will go through a four-hour
lesson before they are let
loose on the controls.

32. transplant 1) remove tissue or an organ form
one person or
animal and put it
into another
e.g. To repair injuries such as burns, skin is
sometimes
transplanted from one area of the
body to another.
The operation to transplant a kidney is
now fairly routine.
2) remove a growing plant with its roots and
plant it elsewhere
e.g. Tea was transplanted from China to India
and Sri Lanka.
The seedlings can be transplanted when
they are bout four
inches tall.
n. transplant(ation)
e.g. In some instances, surgeons may perform a
lung transplant to
save a patients life.
Cloning may generate genetically modified
animal organs that
are suitable for transplantation into
humans.
Advances in organ transplantation have
brought new hope to
those afflicted with diseased organs.

33. lash out at make a sudden violent attack at
with
blows or words
e.g. He lashed out at them with his fists.
It seemed that he was going to lash out at
the
saleswoman, but he controlled
himself.
34. immune 1) protected against through the
bodys natural
resistance
(followed by to)
e.g. The health of the body is dependent on the
immune systems
ability to recognize and then
destroy bacteria and viruses.
A healthy immune system protects the body
against bacteria,
viruses, and other harmful
agents.
It seemed for a while that infants were
immune to Aids.
My brother seems to be immune to colds-he
just never gets
them.
2) not affected by sth. (followed by to)
e.g. Football is not immune to economic recession.

35. merge (cause to ) combine
e.g. In the great melting pot like New York City
cultures
are merged and traditions lost.
In the story he merged his mind with the
robots and
shared its thoughts.
The two colleges will be merged to form a
university.
36. primitive of or at an early stage of
development
e.g. An examination of two fossils reveals that a
primitive
human species had arrived in Asia from
Africa about
2 million years ago.
With the discovery in 1996 that primitive
life may have flourished
early in the history of Mars, interest
in exploring the planet
increased.
The most commonly cited example of a
primitive calculating
device is the abacus.

37. start out 1) intend when starting
e.g. They started out wanting a house, but
eventually bought a flat.
Peter didnt start out to apply for Yale
University-it just
happened that way.
2) begin
e.g. He started out in the personnel department
later he was
transferred to the sales
department.
She started out as a teacher and only
began writing in his
thirties.
38. grow into become gradually as time passes
e.g. With the construction of the highways, the
village is growing
into a town.
She is growing into a beautiful young
woman.

39. batch the amount (of bread, etc.) produced
at one
baking a number of
things taken as a group lot
e.g. The second batch of sugar was
better than the first.
Harvard University biologist Dick
Estes supplied a large batch of
lion
photographs taken from 1963 to
1965.
The school authorities have laid down a
great batch of rules and
regulations.

29
Part IV Text Organization

The text can be divided into four parts. The
paragraph numbers of each part have been given to
you. Now write down their main ideas.

30
Keys

Part One Dolly the sheep, a clone, was born.
Part Two Dollys birth has made cloning a
reality and human cloning a possibility.
Part Three People have to face the ethical
problems of human cloning.
Part Four Cloning technology could benefit
people in more than one way.

2. If you examine Part 3 carefully, youll find
it can be further divided into two sections.
Please write down the paragraph numbers of each
section and its main ideas.

32
Keys

Section one Human cloning has given rise to the
question of what implications the technology may
have for mankind.
Section two The making of the atomic bomb had a
tremendous impact on scientists.

33
Part V Language Focus

You need to study carefully all the key words and
phrases in the box. We have a number of exercises
to help you learn how to use them.
Words and Phrases to Drill
ancient atomic batch
beforehand brilliant
catalog clone comment
compromise curiosity
dot fuse
gene genius identical
immune inherit merge
mixture normally
offensive oppose potential
primitive residence
terrify theoretical tolerate
transplant twin
union be opposed to for all
the world give birth to
grow into in principle lash
out at let loose
start out take up

34
1.Fill in the gaps with words or phrases chosen
from the box. Change the form where necessary.

1) A green card is a registration card,
originally green, granting an alien permanent
___________________ in the United States.
2) It was Marxs ideas that _____________________
communism.
3) In Istanbul, east and west ______________togeth
er in a way that is fascinating to observe.
4) The _______________ surgery of those days left
my sister virtually deaf in one ear.
5) You inherit half your _______________from your
father and half from your mother.

6) In a ______________between management and
unions, a 4 pay rise was agreed in return for an
increase in productivity.
7) Her house is furnished in a curious
_______________ of old and modern styles.
8) The Euro is a unit of currency that is used by
a dozen countries that have joined the European
monetary(???) _________________.
9) I knew Michelle was coming that afternoon
because she had phoned me _____________.
10) What _______________as fun quickly became
hard work.

11) The police chief has made no
_______________about the attack so far.
12) You dont have to go to a store to buy things
now. You can buy them on line or through a
mail-order _________________.
13) This is certainly a ________________risk but
in practice there is seldom a problem.
14) Susan sounds for _________________like her
mother on the telephone.
15) Some educators advocated a bilingual
education in schools but many parents vigorously
_________________it.

37
Keys

1) residence 2) gave birth to 3) fuse
4) primitive 5) genes 6) compromise
7) mixture 8) union 9)
beforehand 10) started out 11) comment
12) catalog 13) theoretical
14) all the world 15) opposed

38
2. Use the verb in brackets to form an
appropriate phrasal verb and complete the
sentence with it

Model What _____________to be a clone of you
could grow into a batch of your marrowthe
perfect match. (start)
What started out to be a clone of you could grow
into a batch of your marrowthe perfect match.

1) Computer programming is the sort of work that
______________a high level of concentration.
(call)
2) As I sat up very late last night, I
______________with a headache this morning.
(wake)
3) As the crowd grew, riot police (????)
_________________their positions. (take)
4) If you are not sure how to go about organizing
a party, go and ask Millie. She never
________________ideas for such things. (run)

5) He is a small man with a big ego (??)-that
about _______________him_______________, doesnt
it? (sum)
6) When the coach waslaid up with pneumonia, the
training rules of the team________________.
(break)
7) The senator _________________the
administration for its failure to come up with
effective measures to deal with the economic
recession. (lash)
8) Old John has accumulated a large fortune in
the past few years but he never donates anything
to charity he _________________ an old miser
(???). (grow)

41
Keys

1) calls for 2) woke up 3) took up
4) runs out of 5) sumsup
6) broke down 7) lashed out at
8) has grown into

42
Part VI Comprehensive Exercises1. Cloze

( A )
Complete the following passage with words chosen
from the Words and Phrases to Drill box. Change
the form where necessary.
What do you think of ______________(1)?
What, like Dolly the sheep, that sort of thing?
Thats right.
Personally, I _______________ ______________
_______________(2) it. It seems far too dangerous
and could lead to all sorts of __________________(
3) results.

I had no idea you found it so
_______________(4). You dont _________________(5)
oppose such things.
Well, this seems to me to be one case where
we are taking human ______________(6) too far.
Well, I cant say that Im against it
______________ ______________(7). It seems to
have the __________________(8) to do a lot of
good. What about ________________(9) from one
person to another? They say that cloning can help
get over problems of rejection by the
_______________(10) system.
But what if some evil _________________(11)
were to misuse the idea? Do you remember that
film, The Boys from Brazil, all about a German
scientist who was reproducing _____________(12)
copies of Hitler?
Oh, come on. Now you really are letting
your imagination run away with you !

44
Keys

1) cloning 2) am opposed to
3) terrifying 4) offensive 5) normally
6) curiosity 7) in principle
8) potential 9) transplanting
10) immune 11) genius 12) identical

45
( B )Fill in the gaps with any words you think
fit

Since Dolly came into existence, scientists
and politicians have been worrying about the
prospect that it will soon be possible to clone
humans, too. The debate centers ____________(1)
two types of cloning reproductive, with the
intention of ______________(2) a baby, and
therapeutic(???), with the aim _______________(3)
creating a source of embryonic stem cells
(???)_______________(4) might replace diseased
organs of the body.
Cloning has ________________(5) strong
supporters and fierce critics. ______________(6)
the deeply held moral and technological
objections of many people, human cloning
__________________(7) a small step forward this
week ________________(8) an announcement by
researchers that they had successfully created a
_________________(9) embryo through

cloning, _________________(10) the purpose of
developing stem cells. They are
________________(11) the first to lay claim to
such a feat, _________________(12) they are the
first to publish their findings. Their work was
promptly condemned _______________(13) President
George Bush, _________________(14) said it was
morally wrong, and by the Vtican, among many
others.
From a technical standpoint, such strong
________________(15) seems out of line with the
slender scientific significance
____________________(16) this development. The
researchers used ________________(17) has become
standard cloning method in animals. This is to
remove the nucleus(?) containing genetic
materials__________________(18) a donor egg, and
replace it _________________(19) the nucleus of
another cell. The resulting stem cells would then
be genetically identical to the donor, avoiding
problems of rejection _________________(20) they
are returned to the patient in treatment.

47
Keys

1) on 2) producing 3) of
4) that/which 5) both 6)
Despite
7) took 8) with 9)
human
10) for 11) not 12)
but
13) by 14) who
15) opposition/condemnation 16) of
17) what 18) from 19) with 20)
when

48
Part VII TranslationTranslate the following
passage into English, using the words and phrases
given below identical offensive twin
clone terrify batch immune tolerate
transplant grow into potential

???????,????????????????????????????????????,?????
??????????????????,????? ??,??????????????????????
?????,?????????????????????????,??????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
,???????????????????????????????????????

49
Keys

After Dolly was born, cloning could no longer be
dismissed as science fiction. The ability to
create an identical twin of a lamb is but one
step short of cloning humans, which many find
terrifying and offensive. However the technology
holds great potential for medical application.
Scientists could cultivate a batch of cells and
direct them to grow into whole organs or even
limbs that will be genetically identical to the
patient, thus eliminating the problem of
rejection caused by immune reaction when they are
transplanted into his body. Or they could take an
organ from animals such as pit that has been
genetically altered so that it will be tolerated
by the recipient. Then the lives of thousands of
patients who die every year before a replacement
heart, liver or kidney becomes available would be
saved.

50
Test B Second Thoughts on CloningKey Words
Exercises

Fill in the gaps with words or phrases lists
below. Change the form where necessary.
enhance condemn overcome
rest on artificial
inevitable significant by
virtue of in essence vital
prospect necessarily
vague is bound to
lendsupport to objection subscribe to
come to terms with
have second thoughts prohibiting

1. Martin has been assigned to work in the
companys Beijing office, and the ____________of
living in a foreign city excites him.
2. The new product is expected to
____________their reputation as a leading IT
company.
3. Brookman Langdon is said to manufacture the
most desirable pens and these _____________command
astonishingly high prices.
4. Political leaders at the conference united to
________________the terrorist attacks on the
World Trade Center in New York.
5. Unfortunately, the victim of the attempted
murder only has a _______________memory of what
his attacker looked like.

6. Courage is not the absence of fear. It is the
ability to ______________fear.
7. The bridge was poorly designed and hastily
built. It _____________collapse.
8. The future of a nation ______________its
youth. Thats why education of the young is of
such vital importance.
9. The community _______________full
______________the building of a park in the
neighborhood.
10. The dying old general did not want his life
to be prolonged by ______________means.

11. No one took seriously the ________________to
the proposed program until it was too late.
12. Four successive dry winters had made water
shortage _____________.
13. Ive personally never _______________the view
that man should save nature for its own sake.
14. In the printed version of his speech, the
speaker made a small but _______________change.
15. At first she found it hard to
________________the fact that she, a model
worker, had been laid off by the factory.

16. He believed that it is wrong that some people
should enjoy wealth, privilege, influence and
power solely _____________an accident of birth.
17. We ________________about buying the house
when we met the neighbors.
18. In detail the class system is complex, but
_______________it is simple.
19. I think the government should introduce a law
__________________artificial additives(???) in
childrens food.
20. Her release enabled her to give
_______________information about her
kidnappers(???).

55
Keys