An Integrated English Course Book 4

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An Integrated English Course Book 4

• Unit Four

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Text I A View of Mountains

• How do you understand the title?
• Whats the theme of this essay?
• When did the view of mountains first appear?
• Whats happened so that people can have a clear
  view of mountains?
• What type of writing is the text?
• Whats the thesis of this argumentative essay?
• How many parts can the text be divided into? What
  are they? Can we find a topic sentence for each
  paragraph?

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Text structure

• This argumentative essay comprises three parts.
• Part I (Paragraph 1)-- the writer puts forward
  his thesis a view of mountains in the background
  suggests the real extent to which the city was
  destroyed by the atomic bombing.
• Part II (Paragraphs 2-3)-- the author argues
  that the bombing of Nagasaki is more
  representative of the nuclear peril threatening
  the world than that of Hiroshima and that we need
  to take actions to dispel nuclear threat from the
  Earth.
• Part III (Paragraph 4)-- the author restates his
  main idea, i.e. we should not just worry about
  the nuclear peril but take actions to eliminate
  it to create a safer world.

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Paragraph 1

• In paragraph 1 the writer describes what
  Yamahatas pictures display the effects of a
  nuclear weapon on human beings. And then he
  presents the main point of his argument the true
  measure lies not in the wreckage but in the gone
  city, and this is where the significance of a
  view of mountains in the background of one of the
  pictures lies.

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Questions for discussion

• 1) Why does the author think that Yamahatas
  pictures compose the fullest record of nuclear
  destruction in existence?
• 2) Why were the bodies often branded with the
  patterns of their clothes?
• 3) Why does the author particularly mention a
  view of mountains in one of the pictures?

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Language work

• 1. dispatch send off to a destination ??,??
• Parcels of food were dispatched to him by
  American friends.
• The government was preparing to dispatch 4,000
  soldiers to search the island.

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• 2. constitute
• 1) compose form ??,??(??????)
• Twelve months constitute a year. ???????.
• The committee is constituted of members of all
  three parties. ???????????????.
• (fig ??) He is so constituted (ie His nature is
  such) that he can accept criticism without
  resentment.
• ?????, ???????????.
• 2) be equal to ?????
• It is up to the teacher to decide what
  constitutes satisfactory work.
• Cf. consist of, be composed of, comprise be
  formed of ???
• The British Parliament comprises/consists of/is
  composed of the House of Commons and the House of
  Lords.
• compose, constitute, comprise form (??)??(??)
• The House of Commons and the House of Lords
  comprise/compose/constitute the British
  Parliament.
• ???be comprised of

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in existence

• -???,???
• According to some philosopher, everything in
  existence is reasonable.
• ???????, ???????????
• This is the most magnificent bridge in existence.
• ????????????

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Questions for discussion

• 1) Why does the author think that Yamahatas
  pictures compose the fullest record of nuclear
  destruction in existence?
• Because there were few pictures of the
  destructive consequences of the first atomic
  bomb. In contrast, Yamahatas photos
  systematically and timely record the effects of
  the second bomb on Nagasaki.

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methodically m?'??dik?li

• adv.  ????, ????? ???
• methodical adj.
• He always checked every detail in a methodical
  way.
• He went through the papers methodically, one by
  one.

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• (1) It was therefore left to Yamahata to record,
  methodically--, and, as it happens,
• Paraphrase Therefore, it was Yamahatas duty to
  take photos systematically and give a timely
  record of the destructive result of a nuclear
  bomb only hours after its explosion.
• methodically systematically
• as it happens ????, ????
• It is (was) left to sb to do sth /It is up to sb
  to do sth
• the effects of sth on sth

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historic present ?????

• The present tense in reference to past events,
  found in photograph description, is called the
  historic present, or historical present.
• The historic present describes the past as if it
  were happening now. It conveys something of the
  dramatic immediacy of an eye-witness account. It
  is characteristic of the popular narrative style.
  It may also be found in photographic captions
  (??????) and in historic summaries.

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• 3. char make or become black by
  burning(???)????? ??
• Halve the peppers and char the skins under a hot
  grill.
• 4. ... their bodies are often branded with the
  patterns of their clothes ...-- ... their
  bodies are often marked with the patterns of
  their clothes ...
• brand vt. label or mark with or as if with a
  brand ?????????n.??,??
• They branded the cattle one by one.
• The US administration recently branded him as a
  war criminal.
• pattern ??,??

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• 2) Why were the bodies often branded with the
  patterns of their clothes?
• Because the different colors of the patterns
  absorb light in different degrees. That is, they
  permitted the body to be heated by the thermal
  pulse in different degrees in accordance with the
  colors of the patterns. The lighter the color,
  the less burned the part of the body.

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hang over

• (hang, hung, hung)
• A lamp hung over the table.
• ???????????
• John is a bullfighter. Death hangs over his head
  every time he performs.
• ??????,????????????????
• (Para. 2)the nuclear danger that still hangs
  over us.

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• 5. witness --see, hear, or know by personal
  presence and perception ??,???
• Only one person witnessed the accident.
• 6. dot cover or sprinkle with or as if with
  dots????
• The countryside is dotted with beautiful ancient
  churches.
• We have offices dotted all over the region.

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• (1) The absence, even more than wreckage,
  contains the heart of the matter.
• Paraphrase That vanished city rather than its
  remains represents the true measure of the event.

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• 3) Why does the author particularly mention a
  view of mountains in one of the pictures?
• Because the view of mountains reminds the viewers
  of the city that had been erased from earth. It
  is in the vanished city rather than in the
  wreckage that the significance of the event lies.
  

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Atomic bomb being dropped on Hiroshima
The mushroom cloud of the atomic bomb dropped on
Nagasaki, Japan on August 9, 1945.
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Corpses charred
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Bodies branded with the patterns of their clothes
22
A picture by Yosuke Yamahata
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A horse twisted under the cart it had been
pulling.
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Survivors of the atomic bomb
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A girl survivor stood in the open mouth of a bomb
shelter and smiled an unearthly smile.
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A view of mountains
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Part II Paragraphs 2-3

• In this part, the writer first claims that the
  bombing of Nagasaki is the fitter symbol of the
  nuclear danger menacing the world then he argues
  that we should not just apprehend the nuclear
  peril but try to dispel it from the earth. For
  this purpose, he maintains that picture taking is
  not enough and action is called for.

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Questions for Paragraph 2

• 1) Why is the meaning of Yamahatas pictures
  universal?
• 2) Why has Nagasaki always been in the shadow of
  Hiroshima?
• 3) Do you agree with the author when he says the
  bombing of Nagasaki is the fitter symbol of the
  nuclear peril? Why or why not?

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Language work

• in a flash ??,???
• The answer came to her in a flash of inspiration.
• ?????????,???????
• His perception of the change came in a flash.
• ??????????????
• come into ones own to have the opportunity of
  showing what one can do????????????????
• He has at last come into his own as a pop-singer.
  
• (2) In the photographs, Nagasaki comes into its
  own.
• Paraphrase In the photographs Nagasaki regains
  its own status.

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• 7. stumble walk or go unsteadily??,???????
• I stumbled over a tree root. ???????.
• Having drunk half a bottle of whiskey, I stumbled
  upstairs and into bed.
• 8. ruin devastate reduce to the remains
• The rain absolutely ruined our barbecue.
• If the press should find out about this, his
  marriage, his reputation, and his career would
  all be ruined.

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• (2) Nagasaki has always been in the shadow of
  Hiroshima, as if the human imagination
• Paraphrase Compared with Hiroshima, what
  happened in Nagasaki has always been less talked
  about. It seems that the human imagination had
  been exhausted and stopped at the wreckage of the
  first ruined city and failed to reach even the
  outskirts of Nagasaki.

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• 9. hang over menace overshadow ????
• The threat of nuclear war hangs over mankind.
• With the court case hanging over us, we couldnt
  enjoy our vacation.
• 10. spare refrain from harming, punishing or
  killing????? ???
• It will spare him embarrassment if you speak to
  him about it in private.
• Spare us the suspense and tell us who won the
  first prize!
• Can you spare me a few minutes? (??,??)
• ?????????????

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• (2) Each picture therefore seemed not so much an
  imageas a window
• not so muchas ??????
• She is not so much a teacher as a scholar.
• The important thing is not so much the actual
  population of the world, but its rate of
  increase.???????????????,????????????
• not so much as ???(?)
• He did not so much as thank me for returning his
  money that I found. ?????????,?????????

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• 11. intact entire, unimpaired ????,???
• Despite the bombing, the house was still intact.
  
• He can scarcely survive this scandal with his
  reputation intact.
• ????????????.

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Questions for Paragraph 2

• 1) Why is the meaning of Yamahatas pictures
  universal?
• Because they express an apprehension of the
  nuclear peril that hangs over us. What happened
  to Nagasaki could happen to any other city in the
  world.

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• 2) Why has Nagasaki always been in the shadow of
  Hiroshima?
• Because Hiroshima was the city on which the first
  atomic bomb was dropped and it has drawn almost
  all the attention of the world. By contrast,
  Nagasaki has nearly been forgotten as an
  atomically devastated city.

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• 3) Do you agree with the author when he says the
  bombing of Nagasaki is the fitter symbol of the
  nuclear peril? Why or why not?
• An open-ended question.
• If you say yes, you can follow the writers
  reasoning. First it is the evidence of the danger
  that nuclear weapons can be used again. Second,
  it shows the unpredictability of nuclear attacks.

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Paragraph 3

• Questions for consideration
• 4) What should we do in addition to apprehending
  the nuclear peril?
• 5) What do we need in order to meet the more
  important challenge of eliminating nuclear
  weaponry?

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• 12. glimpse a very brief passing look, sight, or
  view ??, ??
• I caught a glimpse of the driver of the getaway
  (??,??) car, but I doubt I would recognize her if
  I saw her again.
• This biography offers only a few glimpses of his
  life before he became famous.

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apprehend

• (1) expect with anxiety, suspicion, or fear ????
• apprehend danger in every sound
• Do you apprehend any difficulty????????????
• (2)to grasp mentally, to understand ??,??
• He can't apprehend the real nature of change.
  ?????????????

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• 14. peril serious or immediate danger
• I never felt that my life was in peril.
• The bicycle has no brakes you ride it at your
  peril. ???????--????????.
• 15. dispel cause to vanish???????
• dispel sb's doubts/fears/worries ???????/??/??
• Id like to start the speech by dispelling a few
  rumors that have been spreading recently. ????

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• Once and for all
• (1) now and for the last (and only) time
  ?????????
• Im warning you once and for all. ?????????.
• (2) completely and finally ???
• I wish we could settle the matter once and for
  all.

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• (3) we seem to need, in addition, some other
  picture to counterpoise against
• Paraphrase . ... apart from the pictures of
  Nagasaki we seem to need some other picture to
  inspire in us a hope of life to counterbalance
  the sense of doom suggested by the ruined
  Nagasaki ...

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Questions for Paragraph 3

• 4) What should we do in addition to apprehending
  the nuclear peril?
• In addition to apprehending the nuclear peril, we
  should try to dispel it completely from the
  earth. This is a more significant challenge.

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• 5) What do we need in order to meet the more
  important challenge of eliminating nuclear
  weaponry?
• We need actions rather than pictures. No picture
  seems adequate for this purpose.

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Paragraph 4

• In this part the writer calls on us to take the
  responsibility of creating a safer world for new
  generations.

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Language work

• 16. ... we ensure their right to exist. --...
  we guarantee a safe living environment for them.
• ensure make (something) certain to happen
• Following the plane crash, the airline is taking
  further steps to ensure public safety on its
  aircraft.
• The role of the police is to ensure that the law
  is obeyed.

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Question for discussion

• What should we do to ensure a safer world for the
  future generations?
• According to the text, one of the things we
  should do is make efforts to banish nuclear peril
  from the Earth forever. However, there are other
  things to be considered. For instance, the issue
  of pollution and environment protection, the
  development and application of high technology
  including cloning and nuclear energy, and the
  issue of terrorism.

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Text Comprehension -II. T or F.

• 1. F. Refer to Paragraph 1. Nobody made a
  photographic record of the immediate effect of
  the atomic bombing on Hiroshima.
• 2. F. Refer to Paragraph 1. The author is
  shocked because the girl reminds him of the
  ordinary life that would have been going where
  fields of rubble are if there had not been the
  atomic bombing.

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• 3. F. Refer to Paragraph 2. The nuclear danger
  that still hangs over us means the danger caused
  by the possible use of atomic bombs in the future
  rather than the dangerous consequences of the
  worlds second atomic bombing.
• 4. T. Refer to what is in the brackets in
  Paragraph 2.
• 5. T. Refer to Paragraph 3.

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Text Comprehension - III

• 1. Because it reminds the viewer of the city that
  was leveled to the ground by the atomic bomb and
  of the normal life that would have been going on
  there.
• 2. Because it was the first time that Americans
  had ever seen the pictures since the atomic
  bombing fifty years ago.

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• 3. The bombing of Nagasaki is regarded as the
  fitter symbol of the nuclear peril in two
  respects. First, it is the evidence that nuclear
  weapons can be used again to destroy the human
  civilization. Second, the fact that Nagasaki had
  not been the originally chosen target of the
  nuclear attack shows the unpredictability of the
  possible nuclear attacks in future. That is,
  every city in the world is liable to nuclear
  destruction.

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• 4. They were intended to demonstrate the
  devastating power of nuclear weapons and express
  an apprehension of the nuclear peril menacing the
  world.
• 5. No, they only express part of it, because the
  writer intends not only to express his
  apprehension of the nuclear threat but, more
  importantly, call on the people to take actions
  to banish forever nuclear weaponry from the Earth
  for a safer world.

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IV. Explain in your own words the following
sentences taken from the text.

• 1. The responsibility was therefore placed on
  Yamahatas shoulders to record the effects
  systematically and incidentally with a great and
  simple artistry.
• 2. That vanished city rather than its remains
  represents the true measure of the event.
• 3. In the photographs Nagasaki regains its own
  status.
• 4. ... the human imagination had been exhausted
  and stopped at the wreckage of the first ruined
  city and failed to reach even the outskirts of
  Nagasaki.
• 5. ... apart from the pictures of Nagasaki we
  seem to need some other picture to inspire in us
  a hope of life to counterbalance the sense of
  doom suggested by the ruined Nagasaki ...

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Structural analysis of the text

• What makes clear the authors opinion about the
  meaning of Yamahatas pictures is the sentence
  that appears at the end of the first paragraph
  The true measure of the event lies not in what
  remains but in all that has disappeared.
• And what makes clear the authors opinion on what
  should be done about the existing nuclear peril
  is the sentence that appears in the middle of the
  last paragraph Performing that act is the
  greatest of the responsibilities of the
  generations now alive.

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Rhetorical features of the text

• Apart from the two sentences that have been
  already mentioned, we can find the following
  sentences with the A but B structure in the
  text
• The true measure of the event lies not in what
  remains but in all that has disappeared.
  (Paragraph 1)
• ... the challenge is not just to apprehend the
  nuclear peril but to seize a God-given
  opportunity to dispel it once and for all ...
  (Paragraph 3)
• ... one showing not what we would lose through
  our failure but what we would gain by our
  success. (Paragraph 3)
• Apart from the A but B sentence structure, we
  can also find the A yet B type

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• Nagasaki has always been in the shadow of
  Hiroshima ... Yet the bombing of Nagasaki is in
  certain respects the fitter symbol of the nuclear
  danger that still hangs over us. (Paragraph 2)
• Yamahatas pictures afford a glimpse of the end
  of the world. Yet in our day ... (Paragraph 3)
• And we can find a sentence that organizes
  information in a similar way without the use of
  the conjunction but or yet
• Arriving a half-century late, they are still
  news. (Paragraph 2)
• By admitting something is correct first and then
  saying something else is even more correct, or
  admitting something is urgent first and then
  saying something else is more urgent with the
  help of the above-mentioned sentence structures,
  the author succeeds in making his sentences well
  balanced and his argumentation forceful and
  convincing.

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Vocabulary exercises

• I. Explain the underlined part in each sentence
  in your own words.
• 1. had not been recorded by the camera
• 2. smiling in a strange and unnatural way
• 3. their meaning is applicable to any other
  places around the world
• 4. had stopped working
• 5. threatens
• 6. city which is not destroyed by nuclear weapons

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II. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms
of the words in the brackets.

• 1. unearthly
• 2.. wrecked
• 3. exhaustive
• 4. apprehensive
• 5. continuation
• 6. Accuracy

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III. Fill in the blank in each sentence with a
word or phrase taken from the box in its
appropriate form.

• 1. will come into his own
• 2. is branded with
• 3. for good
• 4. lay in
• 5. In certain respect
• 6. came into existence
• 7. outskirts
• 8. once and for all

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IV. Explain the meaning of the underlined word or
phrase.

• 1. protection
• 2. calculated
• 3. effective
• 4. increased/higher
• 5. not often found
• 6. perspective

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Grammar exercises

• I. Note the use of the present tense in the
  following paragraph.
• The present tense in reference to past events,
  found in photograph description, is called the
  historical present.
• The historical present describes the past as if
  it were happening now. It conveys something of
  the dramatic immediacy of an eye-witness account.
  It is characteristic of the popular narrative
  style. It may also be found in photographic
  captions and in historical summaries.

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II. Find two examples of the historic present.

• (For reference)
• 1. He was such a nuisance when he lived upstairs.
  Every time he came back, which was usually in the
  middle of the night, he kicks off his shoes and I
  hear bang, bang!
• 2. I couldnt believe it! Just as we arrived, up
  comes Ben and slaps me on the back as if we were
  life-long friends. Come on, old pal, he says,
  Let me buy you a drink! Im telling you, I
  nearly fainted on the spot.

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III. Complete the sentences by using the correct
forms of the verbs given in the brackets.

• 1. hear 2. are
• 3. have/will have 4. tells
• 5. is 6. gather
• 7. earns 8. says
• 9. speaks 10. is writing,
  opens, enters

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IV. Complete the following sentences

• 1. had better
• 2. More, less
• 3. fainter and fainter
• 4. none the worse ????,?????????
• 5. no better, no worse
• 6. so much the betterso much the better/worse
  (for sb/sth) that is even better/worse ??????
• The result is not very important to us, but if we
  do win, (then) so much the better.
• ???????????, ????????, (?)????.

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Translation -I

• 1. Their cattle were branded with the letter C.
• 2. In this season Brooks has really come into his
  own as a goal scorer.
• 3. An economic crisis is hanging over that
  country.
• 4. He is the man who really gives the order, but
  he always remains in the background.
• 5. After dispatching the messenger, what is left
  for us to do is nothing but to wait.
• 6. You just have to call and hes here in a
  flash.
• 7. They have lived in the shadow of war for
  totally seventeen years.
• 8. These are the last seven Northeast Tigers in
  existence. If human beings failed to protect
  them, the tigers of this species would face
  extinction.

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II. Translate the following passage into Chinese.

• ???????102??????????????????????,
• ?????????????????????,????????????????????????????
  ???
• ??????????????????????????????????????????19???
  ?????33???????????
• ????????2823??,??1946?,???69??,????????
• ???????????????????????
• ??,???????????????????????????,???????????????????
  ????,?????????????????,??????????????

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II. Fill in each blank in the passage below with
ONE appropriate word.

• 1. went 2. In
• 3. as 4. for
• 5. among 6. number
• 7. that 8. with
• 9. followed 10. over

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Text II Statement at the 2003 Session of

• Questions for discussion
• 1. It is uncertain and unpredictable because
  military confrontation caused by disputes over
  territory, resources, religion and interest
  continues and non-traditional security threats
  characterized by terrorism and proliferation of
  weapons of mass destruction have become more
  salient.

70

• 2. The speaker proposes nine measures for nuclear
  disarmament. Refer to Paragraphs 9-17.
• 3. In Paragraphs 22-25, the speaker talks about
  the concrete and practical measures taken by
  China in recent years to build up confidence
  between China and its neighbouring countries.
• 4. The multilateral approach is necessary because
  more than one country possess nuclear weapons and
  these weapons cannot be reduced and destroyed
  without willing cooperation between the nuclear
  states, especially the nuclear powers like the
  United States.

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Quiz -Voc

• 1. ??,?? 2. ????????
• 3. ??,?? 4. ??,??
• 5. ????,?? 6. ??, ????
• 7. ???? 8. ??,?? n.
• 9. ??,?? 10. ??
• 11. ??,?? 12. ?????,???
• 13. ??,???? 14. ?? n.

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Key -Voc

• 1. dispatch 2. stumble
• 3. counterpoise 4. constitute
• 5. artistry 6. outskirt /outskirts
• 7. peril 8. continuation
• 9. pulse 10. rubble
• 11. wreckage 12. intact
• 13. apprehend 14. existence

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TEM4-2005

• The Wrist Watch
• It is generally believed that wrist watches are
  an exception / to the normal sequence in the
  evolution of man's jewelry. / Reversing the usual
  order, they were first worn by women, / and then
  adopted by men. / In the old days, queens
  included wrist watches among their crown jewelry.
  / Later, they were worn by Swiss workers and
  farmers. / Until World War I, Americans
  associated the watch with fortune hunters. / Then
  army officers discovered that the wrist watch was
  most practical for active combat. / Race car
  drivers also loved to wear wrist watches, / and
  pilots found them most useful while flying. /
  Soon men dared to wear wrist watches without
  feeling self-conscious. / By 1924, some 30
  percent of man's watches were worn on the wrist.
  / Today, the figure is 90 percent. / And they are
  now worn by both men and women / for practical
  purposes rather than for decoration.