PowerPoint Sunusu

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The Mountains Influence On Turkey Climate
Conference on Water Observation and Information
System For Decision Support 25 to 29 May 2004,
in Ohrid, Macedonia Serhat Sensoy Turkish State
Meteorological Service
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Geographical Status Turkey is located in
between 36 and 42 north latitude, 26 and 45 east
longitude. Geographically, the country is in the
northern hemisphere. Turkey is a bridge between
Asia and Europe.
Turkey is the thirty-fourth largest country of
the world with the area of 814 578 km2. Turkey
has a great variety of geographical
characteristics from east to west and from north
to south. The countrys location and geographical
features give it a variety of landscapes,
climates and plant covers.
Turkey is quite high country with an average
altitude of 1 130 meters. The mount Ararat is
the Turkeys highest mountain with the 5 137 m of
height.
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AIR MASSES AFFECTING TURKEY
mP
cP
POLAR (Cold)
It is originated from Russia and Siberian. It is
cold and dry air masses and characterized by fog
and dry cold at nights. When it passes over Black
Sea, it gets moisture and can cause orographic
rainfall in the Black Sea costal region.
mP
Its source is Atlantic Ocean and passes over
Europe. It brings rainfall to the Black Sea
Region and snow to inland regions. If it comes
from over Mediterranean it became more effective.
It is warm and humid. This air mass forms over
Asor Islands. It brings a lot of precipitation
especially to the western part of Turkey in the
ssummer.
mT
T R O P I K A L (Warm)
It is hot and dry. It is originated from North
African Desert. If it meets northern systems or
gets sufficient moisture over Mediterranean, it
can cause rainfall.
cT
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Geography of Turkey
Temperate and wet all the year round
Temperate and wet all the year round
Hot and dry summers, cold and harsh winters
Hot and dry summer, cold and harsh winter
Hot and dry summer, mild and wet winter
Hot and dry summers, mild and wet winters
Although Turkey is situated in large
Mediterranean geographical location where
climatic conditions are quite temperate, the
diverse nature of the landscape, and the
existence of the mountains that run parallel to
the coasts, results in significant differences in
climatic conditions from one region to the other.
While the coastal areas enjoy milder climates,
the inland Anatolian plateau experiences
extremely hot summers and cold winters with
limited rainfall. Eastern mountainous area has
inhospitable climate, with hot, extremely dry
summers and bitter winters. The Black Sea coast
receives the greatest amount of rainfall. For
example Rize and Hopa receive 2,200 millimeters
annually .
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LONG TERM MEAN TEMPERATURE IN TURKEY
The lowest temperatures occur in the Eastern
Anatolian (Kars,Ardahan, Erzurum) and highest
temperatures occur in the Southeastern Anatolian
and Mediterranean regions. Most part of central
Anatolia has temperature between 8-12C because
of the mountains and terrestrial climate. In all
parts of Marmara, coastal area of Black Sea,
central part of Aegean region and inland of
Mediterranean, the long-term annual mean
temperatures in between 12-16C. In the Aegean
And Mediterranean coastal area and all part of
southeast Anatolia regions, the annual mean
temperature varies from 16 to 20C
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LONG TERM ANNUAL PRECIPITATION OF TURKEY
The Aegean and Mediterranean coasts have rainy in
winters but dry in summers. Annual precipitation
in those areas varies from 580 to 1,300 mm. The
Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of
rainfall. (Rize, 2,200 mm) and is the only region
of Turkey that receives rainfall throughout the
year.The driest regions are the Konya, and Igdir,
where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300
millimeters.
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THE EFFECT OF MOUNTAINS ON RAINFALL AMOUNT IN
TURKEY
A big difference is observed when the total
rainfall between coastal stations and inland
stations, are compared. For example, Antalya
station, located Mediterranean coast in front of
the Taurus Mountain, receives greatest rainfall
in the winter and its annual total is 1063 mm. On
the other hand, Karaman and Burdur stations
located in the back of Taurus, receive one-third
amount of Antalya. Similar effect is viewed in
the Black Sea Region. While the coastal Station
Hopa receives 2182 mm annual rainfall, in the
inland station Bayburt receives only 420 mm. In
the Black sea coast, there is an orographic form
of rainfall which humid air comes from over
Black sea and rises through very High Mountain.
When air mass became colder, it cant carry their
water content and most of the rainfalls drop in
the coastal area. Therefore, the inland stations
lack adequate rainfall.
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If the variation coefficient is high, this
distribution cant be represent Normal
Distribution. Mediterranean and Southeastern
Anatolian region have high V.C. It means that in
these Regions it can be heavy rainfall.
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SEASONAL RAINFALL IN THE YEAR 2002
Turkey receives greatest amount of rainfall in
the winter and spring seasons. Summer rainfall is
very limited and because of the increasing
temperature and evaporation, some region have
drought risk. Mediterranean coasts have cool,
rainy winters but hot, dry summers. The Black Sea
coast is rainy in all season.
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anomaly
Turkey rainfall normal is 630 mm. The country has
drought problem in between 1956-1957, 1970-1974,
1989-1993 and 1999-2000 by receiving less
rainfall.
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CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION OF TURKEY ACCORDING TO
AYDENIZ FORMULA
The driest regions are Konya, Karaman, Igdir and
Sanliurfa, where annual rainfall frequently is
less than 300 mm because of the prevention of
mountains, and the semi dry regions are in
Central Anatolia because of the same reason. The
humid regions are Black Sea coastal regions
where annual rainfall can reach 2,200 mm and
these regions receives rainfall in all seasons.
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EXTREM WEATHER EVENTS OCCURED IN TURKEY
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RAINFALL INTENSITY ANALYSIS
In Turkey, there are 250 Climatolgical stations
which have pluviograph. Rainfall intensity
analysis is very important for flood forecasting,
and agro meteorological research. A computer
program and digitizer are being used for
intensity analyses. This program provides easy
analyze and correct intensity data for further
needs, applications, and research. This program
calculates intensive rainfall amount for given
standard times. If rainfall amount is equal or
higher than Ö 5t - (t/24)² formula result, then
this is called intensive rainfall. For example,
in above formula if t10 minutes, calculated
result will be 7.1 mm. Program searches each
pixel and find out the value that is higher than
formula results and indicates it as an intensive
rainfall for that given standart time.
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Thanks for your attention
Serhat Sensoy ssensoy_at_meteor.gov.tr Tel 90(312)
302 24 57 Fax [phone]