Title: Dispositivos Optoelectrnicos
1Dispositivos Optoelectrónicos
2Tipos
- Fotodetectores
- Detectan cambios de energÃa fotónica,
transformándolos en energÃa eléctrica - Celdas solares
- Transforman energÃa lumÃnica en eléctrica
- LED / Diodos Laser
- Transforman energÃa eléctrica en energÃa lumÃnica
- Optoacopladores
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44.2x1014 Hz
6x1014 Hz
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6Fotodiodos p-n
- Juntura p-n que permite penetración de luz en la
vecindad de la unión metalúrgica - Absorción de luz crea pares hueco-electrón
7Fotodiodos p-n
- Portadores generados en la zona de vaciamiento
son arrastrados por el E. - Tasa de Generación óptica GL
- Si W menor que la long. Del diodo, IL es
independiente de la tensión aplicada y
proporcional a la intensidad de luz
8Respuesta espectral
- Variación de IL con la longitud de onda de luz
incidente
Fotones generan pares h-e solo si EphgtEG. Para
Si, EG 1.12 eV, y ?max1.1µm
9Respuesta espectral
- Variación de IL con la longitud de onda de luz
incidente
- Potencia lumÃnica es cte. Por ende, hay menos
fotones de mayor energÃa (lt?) - A menor ? la luz penetra menos, y la generación
se produce lejos de la zona de vaciamiento se
recombinan antes de llegar allÃ. Menor I
10Fotodiodos p-n
- Respuesta Frecuencial
- Velocidad de respuesta ante cambios de la luz
incidente - Fotodiodo p-n tiene capacidades limitadas
- Portadores minoritarios deben difundir hasta la
zona de vaciamiento proceso lento - Máxima velocidad decenas de Mhz
11Fotodiodo p-i-n
- Top semiconductor thin, to minimize absorption
- i region is depleted
- Most of the photocurrent is generated in the
depletion region
12Fotodiodo p-i-n
- i region can be tailored for specific wavelengths
- Frequency response is much better than Si diodes
(most current is generated in the dep. Region) - Freq. response about GHz
- Aplicaciones en fibra óptica requieren ? gt 1.1µm,
y menores bandgap (In Ga As)
13Fotodiodos de Avalancha
- Fotodiodos operados cerca del punto de ruptura
inversa - Ganancia en la generación de portadores
- Multiplicación de avalancha amplifica los
portadores provocados por la luz
14Fotodiodos
- Factores Importantes
- Velocidad de respuesta
- Eficiencia cuántica
- relación entre fotones y pares h-e
- Linealidad
- Uniformidad espacial
- Ruido oscuro (dark noise)
15- Hamamatsu model S2386 silicon photodiode
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17Toshiba TPS850
18Celdas Solares
Honda dream, the winning car in the 1996 World
Solar Challenge. The custom made cells for the
car are greater than 20 efficient. (Photograph
PVSRC)
19Celdas Solares
- Junturas p-n de gran area
- Design to minimize energy losses
- Voc open circuit voltage
- Isc short circuit current
- Pmax Im Vm
20Celdas solares
- Medida de desempeño
- eficiencia de conversión
- Output from the sun
- Area beyond ?G is power lost cause it cannot be
absorbed - 20 lost in Si, 35 in GaAs
- The EphgtEg energy adds kinetic energy (heat)
- 40 in Si, 30 in GaAs
21Celdas Solares
22Celdas Solares
- Top contact coverage of the cell surface can be
minimised (although this may result in increased
series resistance). - Anti-reflection coatings on the top surface of
the cell. - Reflection reduced by surface texturing.
- The solar cell can be made thicker to increase
absorption - The optical path length may be increased by a
combination of surface texturing and light
trapping.
http//www.udel.edu/igert/pvcdrom/index.html
23Celdas Solares
Area 22cm2Efficiency 23.5Voc 703 mVIsc
914mAJsc 41.3mAVmp 600mVFF 0.81Imp 868 mA
24Light Emitting Diode (LED)
- Definition a semiconductor device that emits
incoherent narrow-spectrum light when
electrically biased in the forward direction
Courtesy of Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki
/LED
25Principle
- Forward bias injects majority carriers in
opposite regions where they recombine - In indirect semiconductor (Si) recombination
produces heat - In direct semiconductors (GaAs) recombination
occurs from band to band and emits photons
26Principle
- Three requirements to produce visible LED
- Direct semiconductor (Si, Ge, GaP, AlAs,SiC,
excluded) - Bandgap between 1.77eV and 3.10eV (GaAs bandgap
too small) - Able to allow pn junction diodes
- Need for alloys
27LEDs
? Photo power out/electrical power
External quantum efficiency is due to
reflections in the Interface air-semiconductor
28Light Emitting Diode (LED)
- LED v.s. Incandescent (Edisons lightbulb) and
Flourescent Bulbs - Much longer life span (105 - 106 hrs v.s. 103 /
104 hrs) - Suitable for applications that are subject to
frequent on-off cycling - Efficiency better than incandescent but
currently worse than flourescent bulbs
Source US Department of Energy
http//www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/faqs.htm
29LEDs for lighting
- 12 Volt MR16 LED spotlight bulbs
- Each LED spotlight has 20 ultrabright 15,000mcd
LEDs producing a similar amount of light to a 20W
halogen bulb - 1 Watt of power!
30LED Efficiency
- Internal Quantum Efficiency (?int)
- Definition ratio of the number of electrons
flowing in the external circuit to the number of
photons produced within the device - Has been improved up to 80
- External Quantum Efficiency
- Definition The percentage of photons that can be
extracted to the ambient. - Typically 1 10
- Limiting factor of LED efficiency
- Improvement techniques dome-shaped package,
textured surface, photonic crystal,
Source Lecture Note of Optoelectronic Devices
(by Sheng-fu Horng, Dept. of Electrical Engrg,
NTHU, Hsinchu, Taiwan)
31LED
32Optoacopladores
- Aislación eléctrica entre dos circuitos.
Comunicación óptica - TÃpicamente se utilizan haces de luz entre el
rojo al infrarrojo
33- CaracterÃsticas importantes
- Tensión de aislación
- Buena relación de transferencia
- Baja capacidad de acoplamiento
- Imnunidad a interferencias
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37Referencias
- Robert F. Pierret, Semiconductor Device
Fundamentals, Addison Wesley, 1996. CapÃtulos 6,
9, 14. - Stanley G. Burns, Paul R. Bond, Principles of
Electronic Circuits, PWS Publishing Company,
1997. CapÃtulo 3.