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Almir Delkic almirdifi'uio'no

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Title: Almir Delkic almirdifi'uio'no

1
Designing for Diversity

2
Chapter 10 Designing for diversity

3
Reflections

Disappointing from a practical designers point of
view?
Gives no easy solutions, and rather no solutions
at all Only perspectives
Not concerning action but reflection
Built on key arguments
World is changing IT is deeply implicated in
the transformation process
BUT, and more contentious, change is not uniform
(individual, group, organization, society,
cultural), distinctions will remain still if we
are increasingly connected
Approach Questioning several assumptions made by
designers/researches
No room for reduction and generalization, but
realism of context
Contribution
However, practice is always situated in a
unique historical context, and must take full
account of local contingencies and opportunities.
No simple blueprint for action is possible, but
it is hoped that the book has been helpful to the
thoughtful practitioner in raising themes,
issues, concepts and theories of relevance to the
effective use of IT in his or her own context.
(Walsham, 2001, pp. 237)

4
Perspective on design

General perspective on design from SE, SD and
Informatics
User interfaces
A phase in a process confined in organization,
scope, space and time
Performed by system developers
The perspective of Walsham
A organizational-cultural-political-technical
endeavor
Design is designing IS, but also, and more
important, organizations and even cultures
Design is not confined in a project, in a
organization, in time and by professional
designers but in a context increasingly
interlinked with other contexts - design is not
fully controllable

5
Perspective on diversity

General perspective
Disabilities
Power and politics
Languages
The perspective of Walsham
An counter-argument to the picture of global
homogenization Diversity in culture, power and
resources
Local appropriation of global implementations

6
Designing for diversity

7
Data, information and knowledge

Knowledge sharing
What kind of knowledge can be represented, stored
and transferred?
Embodied, embrained and encultured. When
extracted, only part will be available and when
reused in a different context a different
understanding will appear
Knowledge is not simplistically information or a
commodity that is easy to transfer
Cultural specificity of knowledge
Cultural differences in attitude to knowledge
Shared in human networks, or coded and structured
Knowledge as politics People tend not to share
knowledge for personal advantages

8
The role of IT

IT Not neutral, but reflects and forms the
attitudes and aspirations of its designers and
users
IT is an actor as well as the users values and
norms rooted in a culture are inscribed in the
technology
Approaches and methodologies for IT introduction
can also be considered as actants must be suited
for the local context
Internett
Seamless electronic communication / seamless
human communication
Ubiquity, bandwidth and multi-purpose VS people,
context and diversity

9
Improvisation and Appropriation

IT is often introduced to support order and
control, but not improvised work practice.
(Walsham, 2001, pp. 242)
Improvise -gt to invent, compose, or perform with
little or no preparation
There needs to be a balance between control and
autonomy, and computer-based information and
communication systems should not be designed
primarily as central control mechanisms, but
rather as support for effective local work
practice. (Walsham, 2001, pp. 243)
Appropriation -gt to take (something) for your own
use or to keep to use for a particular purpose
Information or communication technology should be
appropriated in such a way to support local work
practice effectively for both routine and
improvised activitys.
Appropriation involve both adaptation of the
technology and systems to local conditions and
(in some cases) changes to those conditions over
time.

10
Power and Politics

Power relations are endemic to all social
activity, and politics is concerned with the use
of resources, through the exercise of power.
(Walsham, 2001, pp. 245)
IT in contemporary organizations should
appropriate approaches to surveillance and
control, and encourage knowledge-sharing.
Can be seen as a threat in inter-organizational
relations.
IT could be seen as an agent of Western
imperialism and coercion of the less-developed
countries.

11
THEMES FOR RESEARCHERSMethodology and Theory

More in-depth interpretive case studies or action
research projects to address many important human
issues associated with IT.
Surveys can provide wider picture but lack depth
of insight on complex human issues.
Theory enables researchers to see a wider picture
within which their own research study is located,
but locking in to one theory or a limited set of
theories is a way of blinding oneself to other
perspectives.

12
Future Research Agenda