ECOLOGICAL SANITATION

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ECOLOGICAL SANITATION

• RWANDA EXPERIENCE

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RWANDA
WELCOME TO THE COUNTRY OF A THOUSAND HILLS
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BACKGROUND
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BACKGROUND (cnts )

• Country of a thousand
• Location East Africa
• Size 26,338 sq km
• Population around 10 million
• Density 347 people/sq km
• Capital City Kigali (around 1 million with 1670
  people/sqkm)
• Languages Kinyarwanda, English French
• Population growth 2.7 /yr
• Total fertility rate 6.1 child/woman
• Life expectancy 44-47yrs
• Annual income/capita290 U(2000)
• GDP/capita (263U, 01), target 400 (2010)

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Background (cnts )

• 88,6 depend on agriculture
• Limited arable land (only 31 of the total area)
• Mean size 0,6 ha, 34,4 of pop lt 50 ares
  (Gisenyi, Ruhengeri, Gikongoro, Butare)
• 0,75 ha to provide to nutritional needs
• Only 23.4 of arable land have less  ou or no
  erosion risk
• 37.5 need to reshape the landscape before
  cropping
• 39.1 have very high risk of erosion. 
• Crops up to 80
• No fallow
• Marginal lands cropped
• CGES et defend et restore soil fertility (20t de
  om/ha)

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Background (cnts )

• 80 of the country have access to latrines
• 8 meet national hygienic standards
• common sanitation facility type traditional pit
  latrines (Kigali city Rural areas) poorly
  designed, dirty not well maintained
• Pit latrines 60
• Flush toilet connected to septic tank 30
• Flush toilet connected treatment plant 1
• Direct discharge 8
• Open defecation 1
• Mal maintenance of latrines hygienic hazards

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Background (ctns)

• Negative impact on health environment due to
  mal maintenance of pit latrines (contamination
  surface groundwater, water related diseases,
  etc.)
• Out of ten major causes of morbidity the first 5
  are water borne diseases (WBD) and 69.5 of the
  death are caused by WBD (Kabalisa, 2007).
• The infant mortality rate of lt 5 years was
  estimated to be 192/1,000 infants in rural areas
  (due to poor sanitation cdts malnutrition)
• Recognition of the lack of adequate sanitation
  facilities by GOR
• Putting in place an institutional framework to
  govern water and sanitation

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Background (cnts.)

• Many national documents focusing on sanitation
  Vision 2020 (00), EDPRS (06), Decentralization
  policy (01), National Investment Strategy (02),
  National human settlement policy (04),
  Environment policy (04), etc.
• Local gvt mandated for mgt of sanitation
  facilities but hampers of finance, trained staff
  and knowledge of appropriate systems, etc
  (institutional appropriateness)
• Choices to be made regarding different
  alternatives for improved sanitation systems
  (Human health) according the available resources
  and social acceptability (affordability)
• ECOSAN toilet based on recycling reuse of
  nutrients could be one of the options to provide
  sustainable sanitation (Environmental
  sustainability)

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ECOSAN Experience in Rwanda

• MDG Vision 2020,MINITERE has signed a MoU with
  Common Development Fund (2006)
• - 100 blocks of public toilets (using UDD
  toilets) principal roads (high ways) in the whole
  country
• - Since then, UDD toilets has been built in rural
  areas of South North provinces of Rwanda (13
  ecosan toilets)
• 10 UDD toilets built in Rulindo through the
  funding of District, Water 4 people at Karombo
  PS,Cyinzuzi sector
• Construction of ECOSAN toilets with 300 doors in
  hospitals, schools, police stations, etc planned
  in 2008 (FEA)

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ECOSAN Experience in Rwanda (cnts )- South

• The FEA (Water and sanitation Fund) has provided
  funds to build UDD toilet in Gikongoro in
• Schools Kibeho secondary school
• Hospitals (Nyamagabe and Kigeme hospitals)
• Prisons
• Schools
• FEA provides training to the teachers and pupils
  on use of UDD before construction
• UDD provided to the school bcoz of lack of
  adequate sanitation facilities
• water scarcity in the region.
• school not connected to water supply system.
• dried faeces are used in the garden of the schools

Nyamagabe secondary school
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ECOSAN Experience in Rwanda (cnts )- South

• UDD toilet at Kigeme hospital
• bad experience is seen at Kigeme hospital
• no one in charge of maintenance and management
  of UDD toilets
• bad smell flies were everywhere because nobody
  was in charge of the management of the system.
• FEA put in place a management and cleaning
  personnel later
• explanations given to every patient on how to
  use that toilet.
• not simple job
• technology not appropriate to the
• Hospital UDD toilet is not self evident - --
  explanation before using a UDD toilet
• - Need for urinal for
• men for avoiding the mixture of urine and faeces.

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ECOSAN Experience in Rwanda (cnts )- south

• from the 2 experiences, it has been recognized
• UDD toilets are appropriate in former Gikongoro
  where soils are low productive there is a
  demand for cheap fertilizer.
• Currently, FEA is introducing the reuse of human
  excreta after drying in other schools
• project receives other requests for UDD toilet
  from other schools.

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ECOSAN Experience in Rwanda (cnts )- North
(Bulera)

• 80 of the population used to defecate in the
  bush in the past, 20 use pit latrines
• Pit latrines are not suitable bcoz the volcanic
  soil (pit with 2m).
• big project of local gvt UNICEF funded by of
  the Netherlands gvt to reach 800 000 rural
  residents
• Provision of improved sanitation facilities and
  safe hygiene practices

Pit latrine in Gahunga village
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ECOSAN Experience in Rwanda (cnts )- North
(Bulera)

• promotion of the use of UDD toilet at household
  level
• communities are aware of the sanitized excreta
  used on Irish potatoes garden
• UDD more appropriate to this region, materials
  locally available
• UNICEF and local gvt provide trained people
• community provide construction material (rocks,
  soil, wood, sand, cement)

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ECOSAN Experience in Rwanda (cnts )- North
(Bulera)

• public UDD toilet constructed by UNICEF Bulera
  district in the Rugarama business centre
• Used by business menbars in the village
• not clean even with someone to maintain it
• people seemed not aware on how to use UDD toilet
• Lack of urinals main cause of public UDD toilet
  bad condition
• these are demonstration model, found in strategic
  points such as markets, governmental building
  (offices)
• No subsidy to individual household for UDD
  toilets by UNICEF or gvt
• Households are encouraged to build their own
  latrines.

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ECOSAN Experience in Rwanda (cnts )- East
(Kirehe)
Urines harvesting jerican
Ushes basket
toilet
bathroom
urines
faecal
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ECOSAN Experience in Rwanda (cnts )- East
(Kirehe)
Night soil recuperation window
Night soil harvesting basket with dry grass
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ECOSAN Experience in Rwanda (cnts )- East
(Kirehe)
Night soil for 6 months
Decomposition d rying
shed
Grey water harvesting
Bathroom (inside)
Urine mixture pit (14)
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ECOSAN Experience in Rwanda (cnts )- East
(Kirehe)
Conclusion

• after harvest, night soil is store in a hangar
  for decomposition for 6 months
• It is then used as organic fertilizer
  (compost/manure)
• It proved to be effective for tuber crops
  (potatoes carrots), less response to beans
• small quantity harvested compared to compost or
  manure
• to be used on kitchen garden
• soil is still fertile, people can still crop
  without fertilizer and have good yield

• many people are not willing to eat vegetables
  produced under such fertilizer (a woman
  influencing her children in a household)
• High cost of UDD toilets ( 173.500 Frw bricks
  made or 310U 67.200 Frw for sheeting made or
  120 U)
• gray water used for kitchen garden irrigation
• urine mixed used on vegetable crops in
  replacement of nitrogen compound mineral
  fertilizers

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Challenges of ECOSAN

• mixing of urine with faeces, this result in odour
  and contaminates the urine with pathogensmaking
  it unsuitable for direct application in
  agriculture.
• With UDD toilet men are required to sit to
  urinate, therefore some of men would resist to
  this requirement, hence the failure of the UDD
  toilet. This could be addressed by
• installation of dry urinal.

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Opportunities

• Gaps in the sanitation service provision
• unsuitability of current methods
• design of pit latrines
• demand for adequate sanitation facilities
• condition of sanitation facilities (maintenance,
  odor)

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Opportunities (cnts )

• 2. Political will
• - institutional framework for water sanitation
  different documents
• - master plans and slums upgrading improvement
  of existing infrastructures including sanitation.
  
• - water and sanitation policy attention should
  not only be made on the importance of improved
  sanitation but also on ECOSAN
• planners and implementers would use the
  institutional framework to consider alternative
  sanitation solutions including ECOSAN.
• IMVUGO NIYO NGIRO
• Local gvt looking for partners in ECOSAN

Toilets ECOSAN PADBEL
Biogas PADBEL
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Opportunities (cnts )

• 3. Local experience
• Campaign for appropriate technologies (biogas
  toilet, UDD toilet) pilot projects are
  conducted.
• dvt project including ECOSAN activities (FAE,
  PADBEL, etc)
• Many other dvpt project should include ECOSAN
• people are becoming aware of ECOSAN
• Lessons learned
• Sanitation issue in the curricula is an
  opportunity to promote ECOSAN in schools
• Good information education promote successfully
  ECOSAN
• ECOSAN addresses the demand of fertilizer in low
  productive areas
• ECOSAN is better solution for rocky volcanic
  areas of Rwanda than pit latrines
• further biogas ECOSAN project could easily be
  implemented

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Constraints

• social-cultural beliefs
• handling human excreta (insult)
• Psychological problem consuming food produced
  with human excreta (30-50 in Butare)
• shift away from the conventional pit latrine or
  flush toilet to ecosan
• the physical appearance of faeces and urine in
  latrines is repulsive to people
• Lack of experience and limited awareness
• intensive education consultation on mgt before
  implementation

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Constraints (cnts )

• maintenance use misuse results into bad odor
  when mixed urines (upper ground level
• Insufficient financial resources at local gvt to
  enhance the new project
• Small quantities at household level
• Unit cost is high for individual peasant with no
  subsidy
• ECOSAN is still new in Rwanda, we are looking
  forward to learning from other countries'
  experiences

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MURAKOZEASANTETHANK YOUMERCI

• MAGANYA PATIENT Eng.
• LOCAL EXPERT APEPARWA
• FOCAL POINT PAPSTA-KWAMP
• Email expertlocal_apeparwa_at_yahoo.fr
• Telephone [phone]
• P.O Box 1531 Kigali/ Rwanda