Sanitation in Kumasi

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Sanitation in Kumasi

• Potential for ecosan in Ghana

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Overview of presentation

• Introduction
• Overview of sanitation in Kumasi
• Sanitation needs
• Overview of sanitation policy/governance
• Sanitation policy needs
• Items of interest and potential opportunities

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Introduction

• Evaluation of sanitation policy in Kumasi, Ghana
• Purpose
• Sanitation, sanitation policy needs
• Basic questions about policymaking process
• Factors influencing policy
• Also
• I.D. opportunities for ecosan
• I.D. main actors, potential partners, and
  projects
• Desk study

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Ghana

• Location
• Language English
• Kumasi
• 1.5 million inhabitants
• 500,000 floating population
• Little industry, most jobs in small informal
  business
• Urban agric. a big source of food, not employment

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History

• Colonial sanitation policy
• to 1981 (central planning)
• Committees for the Defence of the Revolution
  (populist -
• local collective action)
• Publicprivate partnerships
• (free market)

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Sanitation in Kumasi

• Difficulty with numbers
• Access to sanitation technologies
• Shared toilets (78 of households)
• Public toilets (38 of households)

Country Access to improved sanitation (urban , 2004)
Togo 71
Benin 59
Mali 59
Côte dIvoire 46
Burkina Faso 42
Ghana 27
UNDP Human Development Report 58 of
Ghanaians have access to improved sanitation
(UNDP 2002). UNSTATS Millennium Indicators
18 of Ghanaians have access to improved
sanitation (MDG Indicators 2004).
Urban Ghana (2003) Urban Ghana, outside Accra (2000) Kumasi (1993) Kumasi (2005)
Flush toilet 21.2 10.1 36 40
VIP 40.8 50.0 41 46
Pit latrine 26.7 17.2 41 46
Pan/bucket latrine 4.5 11.7 20 8
None 6.7 11.0 4 4
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Toilet Politics

• Public-private partnerships
• Profits exceed 1000 US per month
• Conflict of interest in tendering process
  Assemblymen get contracts
• Direct-action confrontations

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Sanitation in Kumasi

• Sewage treatment
• No illegal dumping
• Buobai
• Sedimentation ponds
• Co-composting pilot project
• Dompoase

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Sanitation in Kumasi

• Funding for sanitation
• US 52 million/year
• US 50 million of this comes from foreign donors
• US 160 million/year needed for MDGs

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Summary Sanitation Needs

1. Containment
2. Private facilities
3. Increased demand
4. Improved public toilets
5. Desludging of treatment sites

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Summary Sanitation Needs

• Ongoing support for maintenance and proper use of
  facilities
• Financial
• Gender

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Sanitation Policy

• Policy policy structure
• National level
• Kumasi
• Policy needs

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Policy structure
MLGRDE
MWRWH
Ashanti Regional Coordinating Council
Community Water and Sanitation Agency
Metropolitan Assembly
Regional CWSA offices
Sub-Metropolitan Assembly
District Water and Sanitation Teams
Town Council
Water and Sanitation Development Boards
Water and Sanitation Committees
Unit Committee
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Policy structure
Metropolitan General Assembly
Unofficial with individual assemblymen
Sub-Metropolitan Assemblies
Environmental Protection Agency
Executive Committee
Central administration
Town Councils
Waste Management Department
Unit Committees
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Policy Needs

1. Revised Environmental Sanitation Policy -- clear
   roles
2. Improved Coordination
3. Implementation
4. Demand generation
5. Capacity building
6. Finances

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Policy Needs

1. Increased Focus on Sanitation
2. Enforcement
3. Non-partisan development
4. Reduce misuse of funds

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Other issues

• Contracts for managing public latrines have been
  seen as one of the the perks of office for
  Assembly Members (King et al. 2001, 37).
• Many levels of decentralized government
• Non-functional levels
• Hierarchy of power
• High level of ignorance
• Increasing population

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Items of Interest Potential Opportunities

• Gender research
• The Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation
  (CONIWAS)
• Ghanaian coalition of NGOs, private sector, and
  government actors
• Year of sanitation
• Through the directorate of CONIWAS we can
  communicate with the 50 member organizations
  (some of which are coalitions).

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Items of Interest Potential Opportunities

• Valley View University (VVU)
• Newly-built (and still expanding), ecologically
  designed campus ecological sanitation plays a
  big role.
• 1500 students should increase to 5000 students
  largest private university in Ghana
• Experimentation with technologies Rainwater
  collection, urine-diverting toilets, greywater
  reuse, biogas, etc.
• Ecosan training workshops
• Networking
• Sustainability

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Items of Interest Potential Opportunities

• It was suggested that the ecosan community
  doesnt pay enough attention to what is already
  being done by the general population (i.e.,
  anything not associated with projects)
• KVIPs (ventilated improved fossa alterna) are one
  of the most common sanitation technology in
  Ghana, but they are often misused. Fecal sludge
  is usually not reused even when composted
  properly.
• Direct application of faecal sludge Bolgatanga,
  Tamale, and Manya Krobo Competitive market for
  untreated sludge.

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Items of Interest Potential Opportunities

• Private sector participation in sanitation
  services
• Sustainable, cost-effective method of increasing
  sanitation coverage, experimenting with various
  technologies, and conducting research (e.g, on
  perceptions of urine diversion).
• Not improved sanitation but
• 4-15 of urban population use open defecation.
• Open defecation related to lack of access (long
  queues, toilets being out of order, toilets being
  locked) (Benneh et al 1993).
• Revenues estimated at 1000 US per month