Adipose Tissue

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Adipose Tissue
FWS

• Eddie Smith Leah Wagner
• Leah Sanders Jonathan Grimwood

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What is adipose tissue?

• Groups of adipocytes (lipid filled cells) that
  are loosely held together by collagen fibers and
  connective tissue cells.
• Functions
• Source of energy
• Heat insulation
• Mechanical cushioning

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What is adipose tissue?

• Formed from pre-adipocytes
• Fat cells that have not yet been filled with
  lipids
• Already present in adipose tissues
• Can grow through adult life
• One capillary per adipocyte for improved
  metabolism
• Fat is primarily an energy source
• Storing energy as another source would be
  inefficient and limit mobility
• Buffer when energy expenditure is greater than
  energy intake

http//www.promocell.com/products/human-primary-ce
lls/preadipocytes/
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Composition of Adipose Tissue

• Two Types
• White fat cells most common form used for
  energy, insulation, and cushioning
• Brown fat cells metabolically less active
  primary function is to generate body heat can be
  activated with cold exposure
• Unilocular vs. multilocular
• Uni single, larger lipid droplet ?
• Multi many smaller droplets

www.sportsci.org
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Composition of Adipose Tissue

• 60-85 ? Lipids
• 90-99 ? Triglycerides
• Fatty Acids myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic,
  stearic, oleic, linoleic
• Others FFA, diglycerides, cholesterol,
  phospholipids, cholesterol ester, monoglycerides
  (change based on diet)
• 5-30 ? Water
• 2-3 ? Protein

http//www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html
distrib
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How much resides in average adult?

• Normal weight adults can have between 15-30 of
  adipose tissue
• Current average is 28-40 body fat, due to recent
  obesity epidemic.
• Even those with normal BMI had high fat
• Lower BMI/weighing less does not always mean
  healthier

http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.201
0.103/epdf
Mean Percentage Body Fat, by Age Group and Sex
--- National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES), United States, 1999--2004
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How much resides in average adult?

• Ranges Based on Age
• Male
• 16-19 yo average - 22.9
• 60-79 yo average - 30.9
• Female
• 8-11 yo average - 32.0
• 60-79 yo average - 42.4

Mean Percentage Body Fat, by Age Group and Sex
--- National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES), United States, 1999--2004
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How average percentages differ?
American Council on Exercise
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How much resides in average adult?

• Essential levels of fat are necessary for
  insulation, protection, and energy purposes
• Body uses fat for energy when at rest
• Lack of sufficient fat stores will prevent the
  body from efficiently providing energy to the
  cells

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Where can adipose tissue be found?

• Subcutaneous directly under the deepest layer
  of skin insulation
• Visceral near organs directly related to CVD
  Hypertension

www.westlakedermatology.com
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Distribution

• Men Android/Apple
• Upper body
• Waist
• Abdomen
• Women Gynoid/Pear
• Lower body
• Hips
• Thighs
• Buttocks

Note Android/Apple storage sites are
considered to be more dangerous to health because
of fat location in relation to important organs.
www.sportsci.org
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Determining factors of distribution

• Genetics
• Family history is a great predictor of fat
  distribution patterns
• Gender
• Male Upper body (Apple)
• Female Lower body (Pear)
• Age
• An increase in upper body/visceral fat has been
  observed in older women.
• Yo-yo dieting
• May increase upper body fat distribution

Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Jul66(1)111-5
http//www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html