Adipose Tissue II

1
Adipose Tissue II
FWS

• Eddie Smith Leah Wagner
• Leah Sanders Jonathan Grimwood

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How is adipose stored?

• Energy ingested as fat beyond what is needed by
  the body is stored in adipose tissue.
• Carbohydrates and proteins can be converted to
  fat
• Carbohydrates are stored in the form of glycogen
  in the liver and muscle
• Carbohydrates can also be converted to
  triglycerides in the liver, then transferred to
  adipose tissue for storage

http//www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html
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How does it get there to be stored?

• When fat is ingested via the diet
• Emulsified by bile acids in the intestine
• Fat and cholesterol packaged into chylomicrons
• Chylomicrons pass into the lymph system and then
  into the blood
• Enzymes (lipoproten lipase) break the fats into
  fatty acids
• Enzyme activity depends on levels of insulin in
  the body
• High insulin lipases are highly active
• Low insulin lipases are inactive
• Adipose, muscle and liver cells take up
  triglycerides from chylomicrons
• Chylomicron gradually becomes smaller and is
  absorbed by the liver

http//www.med.upenn.edu/biocbiop/faculty/vanderko
oi/chap7-9.pdf
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How does it get there to be stored?

• When fat is made in the liver
• Fat, in the form of triglycerides or cholesterol,
  is exported by a lipoprotein
• Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) mainly
  composed of fat
• VLDL circulates through blood and triglycerides
  are removed as fat moves into adipose tissue
• As it gets smaller, it becomes LDL
• Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) high amount of
  cholesterol
• With high amounts of LDL in the blood,
  individuals are at a higher risk for vascular
  diseases as it forms plaque and foam cells in the
  arteries.

http//www.med.upenn.edu/biocbiop/faculty/vanderko
oi/chap7-9.pdf
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How does it get there to be stored?

• High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) moves cholesterol
  from tissues to liver
• Once in the liver, the cholesterol becomes part
  of the cholesterol pool in the liver

http//www.med.upenn.edu/biocbiop/faculty/vanderko
oi/chap7-9.pdf
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Cholesterol Levels
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How is adipose formed and grown?

• When calories in gt calories out
• Adipose cells grow similar to other cells in the
  body
• Hyperplasia increase in the number of adipose
  cells
• Hypertrophy increase in the size of adipose
  cells
• Once new adipose cells are formed, they remain
  throughout life and can only reduce in size.
• Genetics and diet effect the contributions of
  these two mechanisms

http//www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html
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How do you adjust adipose?

• Fat is a required nutrient for optimal health
• Intake should not excess 35 of total calories
• Know your fats saturated vs unsaturated

http//www.extension.iastate.edu/humansciences/fat
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How do you adjust adipose?

• Saturated fats
• Solid at room temperature
• Come from animal sources (butter, milk, meat)
• Consumed in moderation, increased levels create
  high cholesterol levels
• Unsaturated fats
• Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
• Liquid at room temperature
• Come from plant sources (vegetable olive oil,
  avocado, nuts)
• Benneficial to health, helps to lower cholesterol
  levels

http//www.extension.iastate.edu/humansciences/fat
999--2004
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How do you adjust adipose?

• A third group of fatty acids to note
• Trans fatty acids
• When unsaturated fats are changed making it solid
• Commonly found in processed foods
• Similar to saturated fats

http//www.extension.iastate.edu/humansciences/fat
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How do you adjust adipose?

• To maintain a healthy weight
• Eat a balanced diet
• Appropriate amounts of carbohydrates, fat, and
  protein
• Do not eat excessively
• Most people require 1,500-2,000 calories a day
• Exercise regularly