Ruminants Anatomy - 2

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Ruminants Anatomy - 2
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Objectives

• Reproductive anatomy and Mammary Physiology
• Chapter 3
• GI anatomy
• Personal notes

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The Importance of Reproduction

• Deliver live neonates
• Breeding estrous cycle determinations,
  reproductive exam, AI, embryo transfer, live
  cover
• Genetics,
• Gestation
• Delivery
• Economics

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Selection

• Estimated progeny differences
• Uses in males
• EPD values birth, growth, maternal, and carcass
  traits and are reported in the same units of
  measurement as the trait (normally pounds)
• Accuracy only in same breed. 1 is good and more
  accurate with more progeny data

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Selection

• Estimated breeding values
• Uses value of breeding
• Differences between EPDs and EBVs
• EBV also adds potential for heritability
• Pedigrees more in equine
• Breeding systems inbreeding, linebreeding,
  crossbreeding (angushereford black brockle
  face), purebreeding (same breed), outcrossing
  (different families, same breed) and grading up
  (grade animal no documentation of lineage pure
  breed)
• Conformation good udder and footing, not
  cryptochidism

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Reproductive Physiology Table 3-2
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Estrous

• Proestrus
• Declining progesterone
• Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and
  follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Increasing estrogen
• Follicular growth
• Estrus
• Peak estrogen
• Luteinizing hormone
• Ovulation

• Metaestrus
• Estrogen decreases
• Progesterone increases
• Diestrus
• Progesterone is high
• Prostaglandin released if conception does not
  occur
• Destruction of the corpus luteum

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Breeding Soundness Examination

• Purpose assess fertility
• Examination before breeding season
• Preparation Safety (chute)
• Penis and prepuce
• Tranquilize to relax retractor penis muscle
• Scrotum and testicles
• Measurement of scrotal circumference
• Breeding behavior
• Semen analysis

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Prolonged penile extension phenothiazine based
tranquilizers e.g. acepromazine, chlorpromazine,
and promazine
Fibropapilloma warts
NB permanent damage if out more than 2 hours
penile paralysis, Phimosis (swelling prepuce),
paraphimosis (swelling prepuce/penis), Priaphism
blood cannot exit glans penis swelling
penis/penis
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Bull Age (months) Size (cm)
12 - 14 30 - 34
15 - 20 31 - 36
21 - 30 32 - 38
gt 31 34 - 39
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Semen Collection and Preparation

• Collection
• Electroejaculation
• Artificial vagina
• Natural stimulation
• Preparation

Optimum temp
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Semen Analysis
Parameter Normal Values
Ejaculate volume 5 ml (range 1-15 ml)
Sperm concentration 1200 million/ml (range 300-2500 million/ml)
Total sperm per ejaculate Typically 4-5 billion
Progressive motility Greater than 30
Morphology Greater than 70 normal

• Shake container
• Keep warm 37 C/ 98.6 F)
• Protect from UV light warm water bath
• Use gel free fraction of ejaculate
• Extenders protein,
• Sugars, antibiotics
• cryopreserve

Semen samples from a bull (left) and dog
(right), showing differences in opacity and
concentration
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Insemination Timeline
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Estrous Cycle Determination

• Rectal palpation
• Vaginal examinations
• Not useful in cattle
• Ultrasound via rectum
• Better for horses
• Observation of standing heat
• Vaginal cytology

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Ovaries Rectal palpation
Estrus large soft follicles, relaxed hyperemic
cervix
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KaMar/ Bovine Beacon
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Tail Paint
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Tail Paint
Other signs swollen vulva, vaginal discharge,
increased vocalization, frequent urination,
restlessness
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Heat Watch
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Estrus Synchronization

• Ovsynch uses two hormones
• PGF2a and GnRH
• Ovsynch occurs in three stages
• Day 0 - Stage 1 GnRH injection to create a new
  follicle
• Day 7 - Stage 2 PGF2a injection to end the
  current estrus cycle and regress the corpus
  luteum
• Day 9 Stage 3 Second GnRH injection to cause
  the new follicle to ovulate and release the egg
• All cows will ovulate 24-32 hours after the
  second GnRH injection
• Day 10 Insemination

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Lutalyse

• Lutalyse is a veterinary pharmaceutical brand
  name
• Lutalyse is a PGF2a therapy treatment
• If an animal is known to be open (i.e. her
  ovulated egg was not inseminated), a shot of
  Lutalyse will end the cycle and start a new one.
• Lutalyse/ PGF2a will cause the death of the
  corpus luteum, resulting in reduced progesterone
  production.
• Pregnant women SHOULD NOT administer shots of
  Lutalyse it can cause their bodies to terminate
  the pregnancy!

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Estrus Synchronization

• CIDRs (Controlled Internal Drug Release)
• intravaginal progesterone
• beef cattle, dairy cattle, goat and sheep
  industries.
• released at a controlled rate
• beneficial in large herds

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Breeding

• Live cover
• Prepare perineum/ vulva cleanse with povidone
  iodine
• Artificial insemination
• Embryo transfer pathogen free embryos

AI pipette
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Breeding (contd)
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Breeding (contd)

• Embryo transfer
• Superovulation
• Ovulate multiple eggs
• Breeding AI or natural
• Embryo recovery
• Phosphate buffered saline
• Embryo ID
• Embryo transfer recipient

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Pregnancy Detection

• Failure to return to estrus
• Rectal palpation
• 25 30 days
• Ultrasound per rectum
• 12 days
• Trans abdominal ultrasound
• 95 accurate 60 days
• Doppler ultrasound
• Week 6-7
• Fetal heart rate
• External palpation
• Ballottement
• 7 months
• Abdominal radiographs not common
• Laboratory tests estrogen assays blood, urine,
  milk

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Rectal Pregnancy

• Easiest, fastest, cheapest
• status 25 - 30 days post breeding
• US 12 days (18 days in small ruminants)
• Radiograph 90 days
• Positive signs of pregnancy
• Fetus
• cotyledons/caruncles
• amniotic vesicle
• fetal membrane slip
• Suggestive signs
• Ipsilateral corpus luteum
• Ipsilateral middle uterine artery in the broad
  ligament

US 40 day pregnancy
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Fetal Membrane Slip (be gentle, as you can damage
a pregnancy by rough palpation) 32 days thread
1 horn45 small string 1horn60 string 2
hornsgt70 large string
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Pregnancy - Cotyledonary

• Placentomes
• cotyledon/caruncle unit)
• You must rule out that you a not palpating an
  ovary by feeling at least 3.

The fetus descends out of reach from 3-7
months.You can first feel the fetus at 55-60
daysTo estimate an aborted fetus they are2
months mouse3 months rat4 months small cat5
months large cat6 months beagle dog
75 days pea size100 dime115 nickel125
quarter150 half dollargt 150 variable
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• Gestation Avg. 283 days
• 1 2 days before parturition elevated tail head
• Stage I Preparatory stage
• 6 hours
• Inappetance, restlessness, kicking belly
• Stage II Delivery
• 30 min 4 hours (Avg. 75 minutes)
• Heifers take longer
• Head diving posture
• Stage III
• Expel placenta
• 4 12 hours
• PE calf

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Dystocia

• Fetal or maternal emergency
• Fetal more common
• Malformation fetal monsters
• Stillbirths
• Large fetal size
• Fetal malposition
• Maternal
• Compromised pelvis fracture/ old injury
• Uterine torsion
• Rupture of supporting structures

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Dystocia

• 3 approaches LUBE!!!
• Mutation and traction
• Obstetrical chains, calf jacks
• Fetotomy in cattle
• C section
• Fetus too large, small pelvis, cervix does not
  dilate, vaginal prolapse, dead fetus, malformed
  fetus

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Dystocia
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Dystocia

• C section
• Large fetus
• No vaginal manipulations
• Failure of cervix to dilate
• Vaginal prolapse
• Fetal emphysema
• Fetal monster

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Separate Mammary Glands-Quarters
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60
REAR
Front quarter is smaller
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Fig 29-3. An illustrated view of the ligaments
that permit udder suspension (Courtesy of Iowa
State University)
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Mammary Gland Structure

• Udder 4 separate glands
• A teat hangs from each quarter
• sphincter muscle known as streak canal
• extra nonfunctional teats
• supernumerary teats
• Removed in calf

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Internal Anatomy

• Streak canal
• bacteria out
• Teat cistern
• Duct in teat 30-45 milliliters
• Separated from streak canal Furstenbergs
  rosettes
• Gland cistern
• Separated from teat cistern by the cricoid fold
• 400 ml of milk
• Collecting area for the mammary ducts

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Fig 29-4. A dissected mammary gland showing the
gland cistern, teat cistern and streak canal
(Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)
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1 gallon of milk 400 gallon of blood

• pudic arteries
• external pudic veins and subcutaneous abdominal
  veins

Fig 29-6. Blood flow to and from the mammary
gland determines milk producing capability of the
cow (Courtesy of Iowa State University)
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Digestive System

• Cranial fermentors
• Forestomach
• E.g. cattle, sheep and deer
• digest and extract energy from
• cellulose
• utilize the protein from fermentative
• microbes
• Caudal fermentors
• Cecal digestors
• E.g. horses and rabbits
• digest and extract energy from cellulose
• utilize dietary hexose sources directly

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Digestive system calf

• Esophageal groove
• By pass reticulum and rumen and goes directly
  into abomasum
• Grain and forage for rumen development 3 weeks
  age

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Fermentation Ecology

• Rumen inoculation
• 1 ml of rumen content 10 to 50 billion
  bacteria,1 million protozoa, variable numbers of
  yeasts and fungi
• Cellulolytic (digest cellulose)
• Hemicellulolytic (digest hemicellulose)
• Amylolytic (digest starch)
• Proteolytic (digest proteins)
• Sugar utilizing (utilize monosaccharides and
  disaccharides)
• Acid utilizing (utilize such substrates as
  lactic, succinic and malic acids)
• Ammonia producers
• Vitamin synthesizers vitamin B and K
• Methane producers

Poor nonprotein nitrogen such as urea to produce
VFA, AA, Vit B and K, methane, CO2
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Fermentation Ecology

• Rumen pH between 6 and 7 (6.2 7.2)
  Transfaunation
• Grain engorgement pH lt5.5
• protozoal populations decrease
• Products Sugars -gt VFAs
• acetic, propionic and butyric acids

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Volatile Fatty Acids

• Acetic acid
• generate ATP
• Proprionic acid
• major substrate for gluconeogenesis
• Butyric acid,
• for energy production.

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Ruminant Anatomy

• the rumen or paunch
• reticulum or "honeycomb,"
• the omasum or book,"
• the abomasum or "true stomach."
• Esophagus gt rumen -reticulum gt omasum gt abomasum

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Reticulum honeycomb

• against the diaphragm (2.5 gal.)
• rumino-reticulum connected by tissue
• Heavy objects fall
• Hardware disease (traumatic reticuloperitonitis)
• No enzyme secretion
• Formation of food bolus

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Rumen Paunch

• largest
• sacculated by muscular pillars dorsal, ventral,
  caudodorsal and caudoventral sacs
• stratified squamous epithelium (Papillae lining)
• fermentation vat (25-42.5 gallons, anaerobic
  bacteria)
• Absorbs most VFA
• Healthy cows 1-2 minutes/contractions

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Omasum - book

• broad longitudinal folds or leaves
• Absorption of water (4 gal.)
• Reduce particle size, ingesta between the leaves
  will be drier than in other compartments

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Abomasum true stomach

• True stomach with a glandular lining (5 gal.)
• HCL and digestive enzymes (proteolytic enzymens
  mucin, pepsinogen, renin, lipase), needed for the
  breakdown of feeds, are secreted into the
  abomasum
• PH decreases from 6 gt 2.5
• Denatures proteins
• Kills bacteria and pathogens
• Dissolves minerals

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H2O vital Drink 10-14 gal./dy Dairy cattle at
peak lactation 45 gal. H2O/day (3-5 gal/ lb milk)
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Digestive system - Ruminants

• The small intestine
• measures about 20 times the length of the animal
• duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
• Secretions pancreas and the gallbladder, which
  aid digestion
• Most of the digestive process is completed here
• Cecum
• SI and LI, where some previously undigested fiber
  may be broken down
• Function of cecum?
• Large intestine
• last segment of the tract through which
  undigested feedstuffs pass
• absorption of water is the primary
• Some bacterial digestion of undigested feed occurs

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Function of digestive tract

• Eructation (belching)
• Large quantities of gas, mostly carbon dioxide
  and methane, are produced in the rumen
• Rumination (4 phases)
• 35 to 40 percent of each day ruminating (cud
  chewing)
• During rest periods, feed boluses (cud) are
  regurgitated for rechewing to reduce particle
  size and for resalivation.
• Feed is more readily digested by rumen microbes
  as particle size is reduced
• Redeglutition swallowing

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Four Steps of Rumination

• Regurgitation
• Reverse peristalsis carries food to mouth
• Remastication
• Liquid squeezed from bolus and swallowed
• Bolus chewed
• Reinsalivation
• Adding more saliva
• Redeglutition
• Swallowing bolus and liquids

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Remastication and Redeglutition
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Digestive system - Ruminants

• Motility of the rumen and reticulum
• contractions mix Saliva production
• 50 to 80 quarts of saliva
• provides liquid for the microbial population,
  recirculates nitrogen and minerals, and buffers
  the rumen
• buffer for helping to maintain a rumen pH between
  6.2 and 6.8 for optimum digestion of forages and
  feedstuffs
• Vomiting
• Rare suspect toxins

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References

• K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical
  Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd
  Edition, Mosby, 2012
• Slides courtesy of Dr. H.D. Tyler, Iowa State
  University
• References Dr. M. A. Barnes, Virginia Tech and
  Dairy Cattle Science. 4th Ed. 2005.
• http//www.vet.k-state.edu/studentorgs/bovine/pdf/
  Reproductive_Physiology.pdf
• http//cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/repropath/FNorma
  l/ovaries/template.htm

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References

• Large Animal Clinical Procedures, Elizabeth
  Hanie. 2006
• http//www.fsis.usda.gov/ofo/tsc/bse_information.h
  tm
• http//www.fao.org/docrep/t0690e/t0690e05.htm
• http//www.infovets.com/books/smrm/C/C015.htm
• http//www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/dige
  stion/herbivores/index.html
• http//www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/livestoc
  ksystems/components/di0469-02.html
• faculty.fortlewis.edu/LASHELL_B/Nutr2-Rumdigestion
  .pdf
• http//www.das.psu.edu/research-extension/dairy/nu
  trition/calves/rumen
• http//www.pitt.edu/super1/lecture/lec30761/006.h
  tm

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References

• http//www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/repr
  od/semeneval/collection.html

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• Author Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt