Human Locomotion

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Human Locomotion
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Locomotion or movement involves the interaction
of bones, cartilage, muscles, tendons, and
ligaments.

• Bones
• Bones are made of bone tissue and are hard and
  rigid.
• They provide support and protection for the soft
  parts of the body.
• They are the sites for muscle attachment.
• At joints, bones act as levers, letting the body
  move when muscles contract.
• Long bones have marrow that create new red and
  white blood cells.

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• Cartilage
• Cartilage is a type of flexible, fibrous, elastic
  connective tissue.
• Babies are born with more cartridge than bones.
  This cartridge gradually hardens into bone.
• An adult nose, trachea, and ears are still mostly
  cartridge.
• Cartridge also provides cushions at joints.

• Joints
• Joints are locations where bones attach to each
  other.
• Hinge joints move back and forth and allow the
  elbow and knee to bend.
• Ball-and-socket joints are capable of circular
  movement and allow the shoulder and hip to move.
• The neck has a pivot joint that can move in a
  half circle.
• The skull is made of immovable joints.

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Muscles

• Muscles can contract
• Muscle is also a tissue
• All movement in the body involves muscles
• There are 3 types of human muscle tissue
• Skeletal Muscle
• Smooth Muscle
• Cardiac Muscle

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Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle is voluntary muscle that attaches
to the bones of the skeleton.

• They are also called striated muscles.
• Skeletal muscles appear striated (striped).
• Skeletal muscles movements are controlled by the
  nervous system, which makes controlled movements
  possible.
• Triceps and biceps usually make opposite
  movements (when one contracts the other relaxes).

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Smooth Muscle

• Smooth muscle is not striated.
• Smooth muscle is also called visceral muscle.
• Smooth muscle is found in the walls of the
  digestive organs and arteries as well as other
  internal organs.
• Smooth muscles are not under voluntary control.
  They are involuntary.

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Cardiac Muscle

• The cardiac tissue found only in the heart.
• This muscle is not under voluntary control.
• It is very different than skeletal muscle.

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Tendons and Ligaments

• Tendons attach muscles to bone.
• Ligaments attach bones to other bones.

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Disorders of the Locomotive System

• Arthritis is an inflammation of joints, which can
  be very painful and make movement difficult.
• Tendonitis is an inflammation of a tendon,
  usually where it is attached to the bone. This
  occurs often in athletes and people who use the
  same tendons over and over again.