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V.The Colonial Economy

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Title: V.The Colonial Economy


1
  • V. The Colonial Economy
  • A. The Southern Economy
  • 1. exported raw materials for building ships
    overseas and to the northern colonies
  • 2. sold naval stores such as pitch,
    turpentine, and tar

2
  • 3. agriculture
  • a. cash crops such as tobacco, rice, and
    indigo
  • b. difficult work required a large labor
    force
  • c. plantations
  • 1. early in the colonies, work was done
    by indentured servants
  • 2. by the 1700s, enslaved Africans were
    the main labor force
  • c. Eliza Lucus Pinckney

3
  • 4. early dependence on large- scale cash
    crops led to little commercial of industrial
    growth
  • 5. few cities developed

4
  • B. The New England Economy
  • 1. harsh climate, rocky soil, and few
    navigatable rivers were unsuitable for cash
    crops
  • 2. fishing food
  • 3. whaling oil for lighting, food
  • 4. shipbuilding fishing and merchant
    vessels

5
  • 5. trading pickled beef, pork, fur
  • 6. skilled craftsman
  • a. blacksmiths, weavers, shipwrights,
    printers
  • b. apprentices learned under a master
    craftsman
  • 7. slaves were held, but not an important
    part of the economy

6
  • 8. industrialization
  • a. fairly modestly sized because most
    finished products were imported
  • b. included cobbling, blacksmithing,
    printing, ironmaking
  • c. restricted by British laws against it
  • 1. the Woolen Act of 1699
  • 2. the Hat Act of 1732
  • 3. the Iron Act of 1750

7
  • C. The Middle Economy
  • 1. combined both New England and southern
    characteristics
  • 2. commerce
  • 3. agriculture, staple crops wheat,
    barley, oats

8
  • 4. slavery
  • a. needed for farm labor
  • b. also worked in cities as skilled
    craftsmen
  • 5. mainly indentured servants filled the
    labor needs which led to a rapidly expanding
    population

9
  • D. The Rise of Colonial Commerce
  • 1. obstacles
  • a. no medium of exchange
  • b. uncertainty that goods would be produced
    in sufficient quantity
  • c. uncertain in the market for the goods
  • d. little exchange of information
  • 2. elaborate coastal and transatlantic trade
    see triangular trade route
  • 3. SEE MERCANTILISM

10
  • E. Women and labor
  • 1. filled a variety of roles
  • a. managing farms
  • b. keeping shops
  • c. practicing medicine
  • 2. colonial laws restricted women
  • a. a married woman had to have husbands
    permission
  • b. husband had a right to the wifes wages

11
  • 3. most worked in the home
  • 4. indentured servants and slaves worked both
    inside and outside of the home

12
  • VI. Colonial Culture
  • A. The Scientific Revolution
  • 1. began in mathematics and astronomy
  • 2. affected all areas of natural science
  • 3. Galileo Galilei confirmed Copernicuss
    theory that planets revolve around the sun

13
  • 4. Sir Isaac Newton
  • a. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
    Philosophy, the foundation of physics
  • b. motion and gravity theories
  • 5. the scientific method observation and
    experimentation with natural events in
    order to form theories that could predict other
    events or behaviors

14
  • 6. Colonial Scientists
  • a. Philadelphia the center for the study of
    science
  • b. the American Philosophical Society 1743, to
    study science and to maintain communication
    between colonial scientists

15
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16
  • c. David Rittenhouse designed a variety of
    mathematical and astronomical instruments
  • d. Benjamin Banneker
  • 1. wrote a popular annual almanac
  • 2. also predicted a solar eclipse

17
  • e. John Bartram a botanist who traveled widely
    and established the first colonial botanical
    garden

18
  • f. Benjamin Franklin1. born in Boston
  • 2. apprenticed to his brother
  • 3. moved to Philadelphia at 17
  • 4. the Pennsylvania Gazette
  • 5. published Poor Richards Almanack
  • 6. founded the first circulating library in
    the colonies

19
  • 7. founded an academy that later became the
    University of Pennsylvania
  • 8. helped for the American Philosophical
    Society
  • 9. proved lightening was electricity and
    identified the positive and negative charges of
    electricity
  • 10. invented the lightning rod, the
    Franklin stove, bifocals

20
  • B. the Enlightenment the Age of Reason
  • 1. Characteristics of
  • a. thinkers applied reason and logic to the
    study of human nature and the improvement of
    society
  • b. philosophers developed new theories
    about how government should work to best
    serve the people
  • c. affected political and religious thought

21
  • d. sometimes attacked organized religions
    (Crush the infamous thing! -- Voltaire)
  • e. at its height during the 18th century

22
  • VII. The Colonial Population
  • A. The early population
  • 1. a few were members of the upper classes
    (usually younger sons of lesser gentry)
  • 2. some members of the emerging middle class
    who moved for religious or commercial reasons
  • 3. mainly English laborers who came for
    religious of commercial reasons

23
  • 4. indentured servants 1600s to 1670s though
    continued into the 1700s
  • a. temporary servitude
  • b. four or five years
  • c. received passage to America, food, and
    shelter
  • d. most were voluntary
  • e. did include some shiploads of convicts,
    prisoners of war, victims of kidnapping, and
    undesirables (orphans, vagrants, paupers)

24
  • 5. enslaved Africans
  • 6. Europeans and Africans became the dominate
    population group along the Atlantic coast by
    the late 1600s

25
  • B. Birth and Death
  • 1. earliest arrivals could anticipate inadequate
    food, frequent epidemics, early death
  • 2. immigration the earliest form of increase

26
  • 3. in the Chesapeake region
  • a. men immigrated first
  • b. increase mainly by immigration
  • c. high mortality rates
  • 1. 1 in 4 children in infancy
  • 2. ½ before the age of twenty
  • 3. average life expectancy forty
  • 4. in New England
  • a. families immigrated
  • b. natural increase became most important
    source of growth by 1650s
  • c. average life expectancy seventy

27
  • C. Women and Families
  • 1. In the Chesapeake
  • a. high male to female ration
  • b. women married around twenty
  • c. high mortality rate led to an undermining
    of male authority

28
  • d. relationship
  • 1. indentured servants
  • a. could not marry
  • b. females could expect heavy fines or
    harsh whippings, extra year or two of
    service, and the loss of their children
  • 2. over one third of marriage occurred with
    the bride already pregnant
  • 3. average wife became pregnant every two
    years and had an average of eight children
  • 4. childbirth a frequent cause of death

29
  • e. females could frequently choose their own
    husbands
  • f. often left widows who then managed the
    farm or plantation
  • g. seldom remained unmarried for long
  • h. complex households of stepchildren,
    half- siblings
  • i. large number of orphans Maryland
    Virginia created special courts and
    institutions to protect them

30
  • j. By the early 1700s
  • 1. life expectancy increasing
  • 2. indentured servitude decreasing
  • 3. sex ratio more equal
  • 4. life less dangerous
  • 5. families more stable and the
    patriarchal family revived

31
  • 2. In New England
  • a. Family structure more stable
  • b. the female role basically the same
  • c. lower infant mortality
  • d. few children could choose spouses
    entirely independent of their parents
  • e. men needed land/ women needed dowries
  • f. premarital pregnancy twenty percent

32
  • g. powerful church defined roles
  • 1. women respected for their roles within
    the families
  • 2. expected to serve the needs of her
    husband and household
  • 3. duties included child-rearing,
    gardening, raising poultry, tending
    cattle, spinning, weaving, cooking,
    cleaning, washing
  • 4. popular names were Prudence, Patience,
    Chastity, Comfort

33
  • E. The Beginnings of Slavery in North America
  • 1. the process
  • a. native African chieftains captured
    members of enemy tribes
  • b. tied them in coffles
  • c. sold them in slave marts on the African
    coast
  • d. Middle Passage conditions varied

34
  • 2. Portuguese traders mainly served colonies in
    the Caribbean and South America during the
    1600s
  • 3. trade developed between the colonies and the
    Caribbean first
  • 4. Royal African Company of England kept
    prices high and supplies low until the
    mid- 1690s
  • 5. by 1763, 16000 in New England 29,000 in the
    middle colonies 250,000 in the South

35
  • 6. early treatment
  • a. laborers worked with whites in relative
    equality
  • b. some were freed
  • c. some became landowners/slaveowners
    themselves
  • 7. by the early 1700s, the assumption spread to
    make African bondage permanent
  • 8. from the early to the late 1700s, African
    immigrants outnumbered European immigrants

36
  • 9. slave codes limited the rights of blacks in
    law and ensured almost absolute authority to
    white masters

37
  • 10. the origins of slavery
  • a. Oscar and Mary Handlin, Origins of the
    Southern Labor System, 1950 resulted in
    efforts to increase the available labor force
  • b. Carl Degler, Slavery and the Genesis of
    American Race Prejudice, 1950 Africans
    were never treated the same as white
    servants slavery the result of racism
  • c. Winthrop D. Jordan, White Over Black,
    1968 racism immigrated from Europe and
    shaped the nature of the slave system from the
    beginning

38
  • d. George Fredrickson racism did not
    precede slavery but actually outlived it and
    grew stronger
  • e. Peter Wood, Black Majority, 1974 studied
    South Carolina blacks and white worked
    together early but white labor to do arduous
    work became hard to find landowners had to
    turn to slavery
  • f. Edmund Morgan, American Slavery, 1975
    the slave system arose to secure a reliable,
    stable work force and that racism was the means
    to justify slavery

39
  • g. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery
    in the Age of Revolution, 1975 while
    prejudice had a long history, racism as a
    systematic ideology was crystallized during
    the American Revolution

40
  • h. Robin Blackburn, The Making of New World
    Slavery, 1996
  • 1. flourished in European colonies when it
    was almost dead in Europe
  • 2. easier to justify enslaving someone who
    looks different
  • 3. a slave-labor system in a
    labor- intensive agriculture world was more
    profitable than a free-labor system
  • 4. enriched planters, benefited all of
    colonial society, and provided capital for
    England
  • 5. served the interests of planters,
    merchants, governments, industrialists,
    and consumers

41
Works Cited
  • Brinkley, Alan. American History A Survey.
    Vol 1. Boston McGraw-Hill College, 1999.
  • Lemmons, Russ. Jacksonville State University.
    25 April 2002.
  • Stuckey, Sterling, and Linda Kerrigan Salvucci.
    Call to Freedom Beginnings to 1914. Austin,
    Texas Holt, Rinhart, and Winston,
  • 2000.
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