Electronic Warfare Counter-measures

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Electronic WarfareCounter-measures

• Naval Weapons Systems

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EW Intro

• EW is a component of Information Operations (IO)
• IO Military strategy which implements
  Information Warfare (IW).
• IO includes integrated use of OPSEC, military
  deception, PSYOPS, EW, and physical destruction.
  (discussed more in C4I Lesson)

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Increasing Importance of EW

• Increased reliance on radar
• OTH targeting
• Increased use of Communications
• Tactical Data Systems (TDS)
• Increased speed of missiles and weapons systems
• High-speed detection and tracking
• Active-homing or passive-homing long-range
  missiles give little warning

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Three Components of EW

• Electronic Support (ES) ESM
• Electronic Attack (EA) ECM
• Electronic Protection (EP) ECCM

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Electronic Support (ES)

• Surveillance of EM spectrum
• Immediate threat recognition
• Threat avoidance
• Homing and targeting.
• Passive EW or Signals Intelligence (SIGINT)
• Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) Info derived
  from foreign non-communications EM information,
  particularly radar.
• Communications Intelligence (COMINT) Info
  derived from foreign communications.
• Advantages/limitations of passive EW.

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ES Subdivisions

• Indications and Warnings (IW)
• Surveillance
• Intelligence
• New Technology

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ES Receiver Design Requirements

• Wide spectrum surveillance
• Wide dynamic range
• Unwanted signal rejection
• Angle-of-Arrival measurement
• Signal Analysis capability
• Display
• Recording System

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Electronic Attack (EA)

• Use of EM or directed energy to attack personnel,
  facilities, or equipment.
• Active and Passive EW

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Non-Destructive EA

• Confusion Mask or hide real targets by
  cluttering the radar display.
• Jamming
• Spot Jamming
• Barrage Jamming
• Sweep Jamming
• Chaff
• Infrared flares (Torch)

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Spot, Barrage, and Sweep Jamming
Sweep
Freq
Barrage
Spot
Ampl
Time
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Spot and Barrage Jamming
Rcvr BW
Power
Spot Jamming
Barrage Jamming
Frequency
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PW
Rcvd Signal Amp.
PRT
Ineffective Jamming
time
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Non-Destructive EA (cont.)

• Deception Create a false image or changes the
  image on a radar display.
• Repeaters Create false echo by delaying rcvd
  radar signals retransmitting at later time.
• Transponders Create false signal by playing
  back a stored replica of the radar signal.
• Chaff
• Radar Decoys

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Self Screening
Stand Off
Stand Forward
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EA-6B Prowler!!!!!!!!!
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Destructive EA

• Anti-Radiation Missiles
• HARM
• Sidewinder
• Directed Energy

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HARM

• High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile

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HARM Results
Portable Radar Site In Serbia
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AIM-9 Sidewinder
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Electronic Protection (EP)

• The protection of friendly combat capability
  against undesirable effect of friendly or enemy
  employment EW.
• Passive and Active EW.

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Electronic Protection (EP)

• Three primary ways to defend ourselves from enemy
  EW
• Modify our radar - make it more complex and
  harder to jam
• Modify the Medium - Chaff and Torch
• Modify the platform

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EP Radar Design

• Power
• Frequency
• PRF
• PW
• Pulse Shape
• Antenna Design
• Scan Pattern

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EP Factors

• Burnthrough Increase signal strength to
  overpower jammer noise (ECCM)
• Emission Control (EMCON)
• Alpha
• Bravo
• Charlie
• Delta
• Operator Training

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U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities

• SLQ-32 Sidekick - on all combatants
• Radar warning, detection and jamming
• Uses an internal library to auto detect
  categorize
• Infrared Flares - GIANT
• on all combatants
• Chaff - on all combatants

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U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities

• SSQ-108 Outboard - on some Spruance class,
  DDG, CG, LHA, LHD
• Any ship with SSES
• real-time, over-the-horizon passive detection,
  localization, and targeting
• SLQ-39 Chaff Buoy - on Arleigh Burke class
• Rubber Duck looks like a life boat container

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U.S. Airborne EW Capabilities

• ALQ-142 - ES system on SH-60 Seahawk
• ALQ-99 - EW system on EA-6B Prowler
• Mimics radar signals
• ALQ-126 - EA jamming system on F-14 F/A 18
• ALQ-165 - EA jamming system on F/A-18
• ALR-47 - ES detection system on S-3 Viking
• ALR-73 - ES detection system on E-2 Hawkeye
• Chaff - on SH-60 Seahawk

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Questions?