??-??(Maurice Merleau-Ponty):

1
????

• ??-??(Maurice Merleau-Ponty)
• ??????

2

3

• Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961)
• 1. ??
• 1926? ??????????,??-???????????????(1
  905-1983)?????(1907-1968)????,??????????????????
• 1933?9??1934?9?,???????,???????,?????????
  ?(1813-1855)?????????????
• 1945?,??????????????????????????????
  ,?????,????????

4

• 1953? 1?15?,??????????????????????
• ??
• 1961? 1?,???????????????5?3?,??
• ????????,???????????????
• ?????184?185??????????-??????,
• ???????????????????????-
• ??????

5

• 2. ????(??)
• 1942? ?????The Structure of Behavior
• 1945? ?????
• Phenomenology of Perception
• 1964? ???
• ????????
• The Visible and the Invisible

6

• ?????????????????????????????????????,????????
  ??????,???????,???????????????????
• 
  ????

7
???

• ?????

8

• 1.
• Our goal is to understand the relationship
  of consciousness and nature organic,
  psychological or even social
• ???????????????????????,???,?????

9

• ???????
• a-1. ???? (objectivism)
• ???????(naturalism)
• ????????(behaviorism)
• ???????(mechanism)
• b-2. ????(intellectualism)
• ?????(neo-Kantianism )

10

• ??????(?????)
• starts from below
• ??????????????
• (condition a priori)
• ??????????????
• 
  ???/??? vs ???????

11

• 2. ??????(Gestalt psychologists)
• a. ??
• basic unit of explanation?
• what actually had been given
  phenomenally in
• experience

12

• b. ?????

13

• b-1. ???????,???,?,
• ????(meaningful)
• sens meaning or direction
• b-2. ???????
• ??????(??)???(??)
• 
  ? ?
• ??
  ??

14

• c. ??????????????,
• (????????figure/ground)
• structure is not reducible to the
  interaction of atomic units

15

• d. ?????????
• a. ??????a thing-like being
• b. ?????????
• structures existed in nature and that they do
  not cause atomic responses but rather structured
  responses

16

• 3. ??-?????
• a.
• the Gestalt exists for a perceiving subject
  it is not a part of the world as it is in itself
• ????????????????(project)???,????????????
  ????
• (???mouse)

17

• b. ??????????????
• c. ?????
• the physical
• the vital
• the human order

18

• c-1. the physical

19

• c-2. the vital
• ??????
• Syncretic structures ???????
• movable structures ??????????

20

• c-3. Human order
• it institutes a domain of culture in which
  the object is in no immediate sense related to a
  biological function
• ??
• (?????3)

21

• 4. ?????-???
• a. ????????
• b. ??structure??????
• (??????(sublation))
• "Each of them has to be conceived
  as a retaking
• and new structuralization of the
  preceding one"

22

• 5. ??????,interrogation of the subject
• a. ???
• ?????????
• ???????????????
• b. ??
• ??????
• constituted by a dialectic of
  physical and vital structures
• c. ??????
• Gestalt must be conceived of as a
  unity of both nature and idea

23

• consciousness
• ??intellectual consciousness
• (nature???appearance)
• ??perceptual consciousness
• The signification is embodied

24

• 6. ???????
• ????????
• "The Philosopher
  and his Shadow"

25
???

• ?????

26

• 1. ??objectivism
• ????????????
• The whole universe of science is
  built upon the
• world as directly experienced
• science is the second-order
  expression

27

• 2. ????????
• a. ????????????????,???
• ?????????(reconstuct)???
• b. perception and judgment
• c. "The phenomenological reduction
  is idealist"
  (PP, xi)

28

• d. ????????????
• Reduction does not withdraw from the world
  towards the unity of consciousness as the world's
  basis it steps back to watch the forms of
  transcendence fly up like sparks from a fire it
  slackens the intentional threads which attach us
  to the world, and thus brings them to our notice.
  It, alone, is consciousness of the world, because
  it reveals the world as strange and paradoxical"
  (PP, xii)

29

• e. ???????
• Eye and Mind
• The painter's vision draws
  our attention to the
• play of light and shadow
  through which the
• visible object becomes
  visible

30
(No Transcript)
31

• The Visible and the Invisible
• the writing of Proust in Remembrance of
  Things Past that breaks through the familiarity
  of ordinary language, showing us the "little
  phrases" which form the substrate of ordinary
  speech

32

• 3. The Spatiality of One's Own Body and Motility
• Bodily experience forces us to
  acknowledge an imposition of meaning, which is
  not the work of a universal-constituting
  consciousness, My body is the meaningful core
  which behaves like a general function, and which,
  nevertheless, exists and is susceptible to
  disease
• a. body?????????(??)
• b. ????????????,???????,??????????
  ???????

33

• phantom limb ???
• ???????
• a. the patient experiences
  the absent limb, for example, a hand, as a
  correlate of those aspects of the world which
  "speak to" the hand, namely, the piano to be
  played, the doorknob to be opened, and so forth.

34

• b. "habitual body"
• On the basis of past
  experience, I have learned that doorknobs are to
  be turned. This knowledge has sedimentated into
  my habitual body.

35

• c. non-personal or pre-personal
  dimensions of our
• existence

36

• Every time I experience a sensation, I feel
  that it concerns not my own being, the one for
  which I am responsible, and for which I make
  decisions, but another self, which has already
  sided with the world, which is already open to
  certain of its aspects, and synchronized with
  them. Between my sensation and myself there
  stands always the thickness of some primordial
  acquisition which prevents my experience from
  being clear to itself.

37

• In perception, I discover a sense
  which I did not
• constitute.
• ??, body??subject

38

• ???????,??,???????,?????????????
• 
  Erwin Straus

39
(No Transcript)
40

• 4. ??-???????
• the idea of the Gestalt?
• body as the impersonal agent of
  perception?
• "flesh of the world"

41

• ??????
• Ontology Of The Flesh

42

• 1.?transcendental philosophy?subjectivity???
• a. inherence in the world
• perceptual faith(?????)

43

• b. ????"undo our natural pact with the world
  in order to remake it."
• c. Reflection is always secondary, that is, it
  must recognize itself as founded on a
  pre-reflective experience of Being
• This reflection which must always be
  mindful of its own situated character
  "hyper-reflection."

44

• 2. ????????????
• a. Husserlfree variation
• a real factual experience?
• free variation in imagination?
• to the point where it is no longer
  an object of the
• same type(essential structure)

45

• b. ????????
• On the contrary, it is the
  possible worlds and possible things that are
  variants and doubles of the actual world and of
  actual beings
• ineluctability of our inherence in
  the world

46

• 3. ???????
• Return to the things themselves
• The Intertwining--the Chiasm

47

• Merleau-Ponty wishes to begin in a dimension
  of experience which has not been "worked over,
  that offers us, all at once, pell-mell, both
  subject and object--both existence and
  essence--and, hence, gives philosophy resources
  to redefine them"

48

• 4. perception
• perception viewed as the self-revelation of
  the sense of a world in and through a being which
  is itself a part of the world, flesh of its flesh
• a world which "... is much more than the
  correlative of my vision, such that it imposes my
  vision upon me as a continuation of its own
  sovereign existence"

49

• seeing is being drawn into a dimension of
  Being, a tissue of sensible being to which the
  perceiving body is not foreign.

50

• ????????????????
• ????,?????
• ????????????????????
• ????,?????
• ???
  ???

51

• The sensate body possesses "an art of
  interrogating the sensible according to its own
  wishes, an inspired exegesis

52

• 5. ?body?world?????relationship by
• principle
• crisscrossing of the touching
  and the tangible

53
(No Transcript)
54

• 6. flesh
• an anonymity innate to myself
• the intertwining of the sensate and the
  sensible,
• their intertwining and their
  reversibility

55

• intentionality act?object
• reversibilityimage of body as the fold

56

• 7. Intertwining between the visible and
  the invisible
• ??,?touching-touched??,
• ???,?reversibility
• ?????,?non-coincidence

57

• I never, at the same instance, experience my
  hand as touching and as touched
• "Either my right hand really passes over to
  the rank of the touched, but then its hold on the
  world is interrupted, or it retains its hold on
  the world, but then I do not really touch it"

58

• internal fissure ?
• reflection that the body effects
  on itself
• "most difficult point"
• The invisible, the idea, is not the
  contrary of the
• visible, it is the invisible of the
  visible.

59

• There are meanings that can be abstracted from
  the sensible body but not from "another, less
  heavy, more transparent, body, as though it were
  to change flesh, abandoning the flesh of the body
  for that of language

60

• A??E??I??U??O????,??????????????A,??????
  ??????,????????,?????E,????????,?????,????,??
  ????????I,???????,????????????????????U,????
  ???????,??????????,?????????????????O,?????,?
  ????????,??????????????,???,?????????!
• 
  ??,?? body? image

61

• He began by saying that for the moment
  philosophy is in a crisis, but he continued, "My
  thesis this decadence is inessential it is that
  of a certain type of philosopher. Philosophy
  will find help in poetry, art, etc., in a closer
  relationship with them, it will be reborn and
  will re-interprete its own past of
  metaphysicswhich is not past"
• (Notes de cours, 1959-60,
• Our
  State of Non-Philosophy)

62

• ?????????????
• ?????????,
• ????????
• ????,??

63

64

65

66
(No Transcript)
67
(No Transcript)