Gray mold

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Blue mold Penicillium expansum
Gray mold Botrytis cinerea
Bulls-eye rot Neofabraea spp.
Side rot Alternaria, Cladosporium, Phialophora
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• Postharvest Disease Management Strategies
• Reduce incidence of infection courts
• Strengthen host resistance to infection
• Retard senescence / increase tissue
  integrity
• Reduce inoculum potential inhibit pathogens
• Chemical
• Biological
• Cultural
• Maintain conditions unfavorable to disease
  development
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Atmosphere

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Bud scratch
Bucket strap staples
Stem puncture
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Skin Breaks vs. Fruit Firmness
R2 0.16
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Skin Breaks vs. Fruit Firmness
Paid by bin Avg. 13.9
Paid by hour Avg. 4.3
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Total Decay Relationship to Harvest Date
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BULLS EYE ROT
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MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF BULLS
EYE PATHOGENS
bp
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13
2000 1200
800
400
200 100
N. alba
N. perennans
N. sp. nova
N. malicorticis
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N. alba
N. perennans
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Effect of Irrigation Method on Incidence of
Bulls Eye Rot Irrigation method 2001 2002
2003 Over-tree sprinkler 3.7 a 0.0 a
15.0 a Under-tree sprinkler 0.0 b 0.0
a 0.6 b
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N Fertilizer Timing and Decay
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Moderate Vigor
Orchard Calcium Sprays
High Calcium Fruit
Direct Inhibition of Fungal Enzymes
Less Mature Fruit
More Resistance to Decay Fungi
Slower Respiration and Senescence
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• Postharvest Disease Management Strategies
• Reduce incidence of infection courts
• Strengthen host resistance to infection
• Retard senescence / increase tissue
  integrity
• Apply materials that inhibit pathogens
• Chemical
• Biological
• Maintain conditions unfavorable to disease
  development
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Atmosphere

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Immersion dump
Lignin sulfonate
Sodium sulfate
SOPP (sodium o-phenyl phenol) or chlorine
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Incidence of Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea)
Infection at Wounds after Flotation (SS
Steri-Seal brand of SOPP)
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Evaluation of Scholar (Fludioxonil) Postharvest
Fungicide Application Rates
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Fungicide Sensitivity in Blue Mold 92 Isolates -
2003
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Populations of Yeasts Applied in the Orchard
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Effect of Yeast Sprays Before Harvest on
Postharvest Decay
a
b
b
1 day before harvest
ab
ab
a
ab
3 weeks before harvest
b
a
a
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Integration of Calcium Chloride, Ziram, and
Yeast (Cryptococcus infirmo-miniatus)
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Integration of Calcium Chloride, Ziram, and
Yeast (Cryptococcus infirmo-miniatus)
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Incidence of decay caused by B. cinerea in Bosc
pears stored in high-CO2 atmospheres
No Biocontrol
C. infirmo-miniatus
Weeks in CO2
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Low N
High N
High N
Low N
High N
Low N
High N
Low N
C. laurentii 0.1X Mertect Late harvest Early
harvest
Water Late harvest Early
harvest
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Orchard Treatments 1. Untreated 2. Calcium
chloride 6 g Ca / liter x 3 3. Messenger
(harpin protein) 250 mg / liter x 3
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Postharvest Treatments 1. Water (line-spray) 2.
Chitosan (resistance stimulant) 3. StorOx
(peroxyacetic acid, oxidizing
agent) 4. Sodium bicarbonate 5. BioSave 110
(Pseudomonas syringae) 6. Thiabendazole
(fungicide standard)
Orchard Treatments 1. Untreated 2. Calcium
chloride 6 g Ca / liter x 3 3. Messenger
(harpin protein) 250 mg / liter x 3
X
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Postharvest Treatments 1. Water (line-spray) 2.
Chitosan (resistance stimulant) 3. StorOx
(peroxyacetic acid, oxidizing
agent) 4. Sodium bicarbonate 5. BioSave 110
(Pseudomonas syringae) 6. Thiabendazole
(fungicide standard)
Orchard Treatments 1. Untreated 2. Calcium
chloride 6 g Ca / liter x 3 3. Messenger
(harpin protein) 250 mg / liter x 3
X
Storage Treatments 1. Standard perforated
polyethylene box-liner 2. LifeSpan modified
atmosphere packaging (MAP)
X
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1. Orchard Treatments
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2. Postharvest Treatments
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Chitosan 5 phytotoxicity
Sodium bicarbonate 5 peel darkening
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3. Storage Treatments
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Most Effective Program (without Phytotoxicity)
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• Postharvest Disease Management Strategies
• Reduce incidence of infection courts
• Strengthen host resistance to infection
• Retard senescence / increase tissue
  integrity
• Apply materials that inhibit pathogens
• Chemical
• Biological
• Maintain conditions unfavorable to disease
  development
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Atmosphere

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Effects of High CO2 Storage and Calcium Sprays on
Pear Decay
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• as cold as possible without freezing
• as dry as possible without shrivel
• oxygen as low as possible,
• CO2 as high as possible,
• without adverse effects

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Muscodor growing on grain
Bosc inoculated with Penicillium or Botrytis
spores
Storage in LifeSpan MAP bags
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Effect of Muscodor albus on decay in Bosc pears
exposed at room temperature for 24 or 48 hours
prior to 2 months storage at 31F.
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Testing Muscodor for disinfesting bins
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