The History of Cartography

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The History of Cartography
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Nippur, Babylonia, 1500 BC
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Anaximenes world, 500 BC. The world as a
floating rectangle
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Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria, AD 90-168, the
sum of Greek Geography, shows climate zones via
day length on a conic projection.
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Ptolemys Nile
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Orbis Terrarum of the Romans, on which almost the
entire Earth is part of the Empire
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The oldest known Chinese map is a stone tablet
engraved in A.D. 1137, likely based on Chia Tans
map of 801. The map shows the Great Wall crossing
the Yellow River (Hosie).
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Chart of the Marshall Islanders showing islands
with shells and oceanic swells and currents with
sticks (Journal of Geography, 1928).
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Greek mathematician, Eratosthenes of Cyrene
(276-194 BC)

• At Syene (now Aswan), some 800 km (500 miles)
  southeast of Alexandria in Egypt, the Suns rays
  fall vertically at noon at the summer solstice.
• Eratosthenes noted that at Alexandria, at the
  same date and time, sunlight fell at an angle of
  about 7 from the vertical. He correctly assumed
  the Suns distance to be very great, therefore
  its rays are parallel when they reach the Earth.
• Given estimates of the distance between the two
  cities, he calculated the circumference of the
  Earth at 21, 415.33 miles. Its actual distance
  is 24,901.55 miles (40,075.16 kilometers) at the
  Equator, a great circle, an error of only 14.

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(Aswan)
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• Eratosthenes also applied latitude and a Greek
  version of longitude to the known world
• He also calculated the Earths axial tilt 23.5
  degrees.
• And that the Earth travels around the Sun every
  365.25 days, inventing Leap Day!
• And he was the father of scientific chronology,
  fixing the dates of political and literary events
  from the conquest of Troy.

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This Roman Strip Map shows the roads of the
empire, the Mediterranean (below) and the
Adriatic (above). The 12th Century copy is 1
foot wide and 21 feet long. Here only a small
portion is shown.Source Konrad Miller, Die
Peutingershe Tofel, Stuttgart, 1929.
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776 A.D. St. Beatus Map shows the Christianized
view of the world, with an enormous Jerusalem,
the Holy Land, and all others outside Europe
minimized.
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World map for the Medieval European mind a T
O Map, a disk, centered on Jerusalem, floating
the ocean. Tanais is the Don River, dividing
Asia from Europe.
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Medieval Arab Map
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Al Idrisi Tabula, 1100s
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Christendom emerges from the Dark Ages, Jerusalem
remains at the center.
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Hereford, England Mappa Mundi, 1300s
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Leif Ericksons Vinland Map, A.D. 1100
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Britains Gough map, 1360
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Europe, 1381
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Portolan chart, used in14th century European
coastwise sailing
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Genoese Nautical Chart, 1400s
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Martin of Behaims Globe of 1492, shows no trace
of the New World
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Renaissance cartography included the New World
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Cantino Planisphere, early 1500s
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Waldseemuller Amerigo Vespucci
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China, 1500s
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Indian map of the Cosmos, 1300s?
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Piri Reis, 1517, Turkish
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Gerardus Mercators world map, 1569
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World map based on Mercator, 1699
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Mappa Mundi, some date after 1699
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Cortess Tenochtitlan
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French map of South America, 1800
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Benjamin Franklin, 1754
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Lewis Clark, 1805
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Lewis Clark, 1810
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1892
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Radar Image of U.S. Topography
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Views of the Earth

• http//www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/satellite.html