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Research Process and Methods

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Title: Research Process and Methods


1
Research Process and Methods
Prof.Dr. Srisakdi Charmonman Board Chairman and
CEO College of Internet Distance
Education Assumption University
charm_at_ksc.au.edu
www.charm.au.edu
Keynote Address, Academic Research Seminar Ph.D.
in eLearning Methodology, Collage of Internet
Distance Education, Assumption University, July
26, 2008
2
Research Process and Methods
  • Introduction
  • Definition of Research
  • Research Process
  • Research Methods
  • Research Publishing
  • Other Types of Researches
  • Concluding Remarks

2
3
  • Introduction
  • As of July 2008,the program of Ph.D. in
    eLearning Methodologyat Assumption Universityis
    the first and the only such programin the world.

3
4
4
5
Introduction (Cont.)
  • CIDE Ph.D. in eLearning Methodology established
    with emphasis on research.
  • The Ph.D. Research must be original and
    significant.
  • It is not acceptable to be- original but not
    significant- not original but significant

5
6
Introduction (Cont.)
  • At least one research paper must be published in
    a refereed publication of - ACM (Association
    for Computing Machinery)- IEEE (Institute of
    Electrical and Electronic Engineers)- Other
    learned societies at the same level as ACM and
    IEEE

6
7
Introduction (Cont.)
  • As of July 2008, the field of eLearning is
    still rather virgin in the sense thatnot many
    Ph.D.-level researcheshave been carried out.

7
8
Introduction (Cont.)
  • A Ph.D. candidate in eLearning Methodology may do
    research in- Hardware for eLearning- Software
    for eLearning- Network for eLearning- Security
    for eLearning

8
9
Introduction (Cont.)
  • - Management of eLearning
  • - Human Resource in eLearning
  • - Marketing of eLearning
  • - Finance of eLearning

9
10
Introduction (Cont.)
  • - Best Practices in eLearning 
  • - eLearning Degree Programs 
  • - Corporate eLearning 
  • - Support of eLearning
  • - eLearning Technology 

10
11
Introduction (Cont.)
  • - Course Delivery  
  • - Interactive Group Learning 
  • - Collaborative Learning 
  • - Accessible eLearning
  • - Courseware Design and Production 

11
12
Introduction (Cont.)
  • - Conformance and Standards
  • - Usability and Evaluation Framework 
  • - Multilingual Contents 
  • - Shared Resources
  • - Learning Management Systems 
  •  

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13
Introduction (Cont.)
  • - Knowledge On-Demand 
  • - Quality Assurance 
  • - Interoperability eLearning
  • - Principles and Practices 
  • - Theories of Learning and eLearning 

13
14
Introduction (Cont.)
  • - Psychological Theories of eLearning 
  • - Experiences and Lessons Learned 
  • - eLearning Design Approaches
  • - Any other related topics

14
15
2. Definition of Research
  • From en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research,
  • Research is human activity based on intellectual
    applicationsin the investigation of matter.
  • Research may be classified as- Basic Research-
    Applied Research

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2.1 Basic Research
  • Basic Research also be called - Fundamental
    Research- Pure Research
  • Basic Research is research in which the primary
    objectives are- The advancement of knowledge-
    The theoretical understanding of the relation
    among variables

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Definition of Research (Cont.)
  • Basic Research is- Exploratory - Driven by
    researchers Curiosity Interest
    Intuition
  • Basic Research is conducted without any practical
    end in mind.

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18
Definition of Research (Cont.)
  • Basic Research may have unexpected practical
    applications.
  • Basic Research may become the foundation for
    Applied Research.

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2.2 Applied Research
  • Applied Research has the primary aim of-
    Discovering - Interpreting- Developmentof
    methods and systemsfor advancement of human
    knowledgeon wide variety of scientific
    mattersof the world and the universe.

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3. Research Process
  • 3.1 Scientific Research Process
  • 3.2 Historical Research Process

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3.1 Scientific Research Process
  • Scientific Research process may vary depending
    on- The subject matter- The researcher

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Scientific Research Process (Cont.)
  • Most formal research, either basic or applied,
    may follow the steps below
  • Formation of the topic
  • Hypothesis
  • Conceptual definitions
  • Operational definitions

22
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Scientific Research Process (Cont.)
  • 5) Gathering of data
  • 6) Analysis of data
  • 7) Test, revising of hypothesis (if necessary)
  • 8) Conclusion or repeat all the steps if
    necessary

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Scientific Research Process (Cont.)
  • It should be noted that - A hypothesis is
    established to make prediction - A
    hypothesis is tested by observing the
    outcome of experiment or survey

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Scientific Research Process (Cont.)
  • - If the outcome is not consistent with the
    hypothesis, the hypothesis is rejected.- If
    the outcome is consistent with the hypothesis,
    the hypothesis is accepted (the
    hypothesis is not proven but is supported by
    the experiment or survey).

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3.2 Historical Research Process
  • The historical method is the techniquesand
    guidelines for historiansto use historical
    sources and other evidencesto research and then
    to write history.
  • For Ph.D. in eLearning Methodology,a historical
    research is usually not acceptable.

26
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Historical Research Process (Cont.)
  • Most historical research processmay follow the
    steps below
  • Identification of origin date
  • Evidence of localization
  • Recognition of authorship
  • Analysis of data
  • Identification of integrity
  • Attribution of credibility

27
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4. Research Methods
  • From en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research,
  • The goal of the research process is to
    produce new knowledge, which takes three main
    forms 1) Exploratory research which
    structures and identifies new problems
    2) Constructive research which develops
    solutions to a problem 3) Empirical research
    which tests the feasibility of a solution
    using empirical evidence

28
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Research Methods (Cont.)
  • Research can also fall into two distinct types
  • - Primary research
  • - Secondary research

29
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Research Methods (Cont.)
  • Primary research is also called field
    researchinvolves the collection of datathat
    does not already exist.
  • There are numerous forms including -
    questionnaires - telephone interviews
  • Primary researchis widely used in market
    researchand competitive intelligence.

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Research Methods (Cont.)
  • It may be very expensive because many people
    need to be confronted.
  • By the time the research is complete it may be
    out of date.
  • People may have to be employedor avoid their
    primary dutiesfor the duration of the research.
  • People may not reply if emails or letters are
    used.

31
32
Research Methods (Cont.)
  • Secondary research is also known as desk
    research.
  • It involves the summary, collation and/or
    synthesis of existing researchrather than
    primary research,where data is collected from,
    for example, research subjects or experiments.

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33
Research Methods (Cont.)
  • Secondary researchis widely used in- market
    research - medical research
  • The principle methodologyin medical secondary
    research is the systematic review.

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Research Methods (Cont.)
  • Systematic review is commonly using
    meta-analytic statistical techniques, although
    other methods of synthesis, like realist reviews
    and meta-narrative reviews, have been developed
    in recent years.

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35

Research Methods (Cont.)
  • Research methods used by scholars include
  • 1) Action research
  • 2) Cartography
  • 3) Case study
  • 4) Classification
  • 5) Citation Analysis

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • 6) Consumer ethnocentrism
  • 7) Content or Textual Analysis
  • 8) Delphi method
  • 9) Ethnography
  • 10) Experience and intuition
  • 11) Experiments
  • 12) Interviews

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • 13) Mathematical models
  • 14) Participant observation
  • 15) Q methodology
  • 16) Questionnaires
  • 17) Simulation
  • 18) Statistical analysis
  • 19) Statistical surveys

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Action research is a reflective process of
    progressive problem solving led by
    individuals to improve the way they address
    issues and solve problems.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Cartography or mapmaking
  • is the study and practice
  • of making representations
  • of the Earth on a flat surface.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • In Case Study, rather than using large
    samples and following a rigid protocol to
    examine a limited number of variables, the
    method involves an in-depth, longitudinal
    examination of a single instance or event a
    case.

40
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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Classification or Categorization is the
    process in which ideas and objects
  • are recognized, differentiated and
    understood.
  • Categorization implies that objects are
    grouped into categories, usually for some
    specific purpose.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Ideally, a category illuminates a
    relationship between the subjects and objects
    of knowledge
  • Categorization is fundamental in - language
    - prediction - inference - decision
    making - all kinds of environmental interaction

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Citation analysis is the examination of the
    frequency and pattern of citations in articles
    and books.
  • Citation is used in scholarly works to
    establish links to other works or other
    researchers. It is the most common method
    of bibliometrics

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Consumer ethnocentrism is derived from the
    more general psychological concept of
    ethnocentrism.
  • Basically, ethnocentric individuals tend to
    view their group as superior to others. As
    such, they view other groups from the
    perspective of their own, and reject those
    which are different while accepting those which
    are similar.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Content analysis is sometimes called textual
    analysis.
  • Content analysis is a standard methodology in
    the social sciences for studying the content
    of communication.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Earl Babbie defined as the study of recorded
    human communications, such as books, websites,
    paintings and laws."
  • It is also a scholarly methodology in the
    humanities by which texts are studied as to
    authorship, authenticity, or meaning.
    This latter subject include philology,
    hermeneutics, and semiotics.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Delphi is based on the principle that
    forecasts from a structured group of experts
    are more accurate than those from unstructured
    groups or individuals.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • The technique can be adapted for use in
    face-to-face meetings, and is then called
    mini-Delphi or Estimate-Talk-Estimate (ETE).
  • Delphi has been widely used for business
    forecasting and has certain advantages over
    another structured forecasting approach, and
    prediction markets.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Ethnography presents the results of a
    holistic research method founded on the idea
    that a systems properties cannot necessarily
    be accurately understood independently of
    each other.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • The genre has both formal and historical
    connections to travel writing and colonial
    office reports.
  • Several academic traditions, in particular
    the constructivist and relativist paradigms,
    employ ethnographic research as a crucial
    research method.
  • Many cultural anthropologists consider
    ethnography the essence of the discipline

50
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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Experience as a general concept comprises
    knowledge of or skill in or observation of
    some thing or some event gained through
    involvement in or exposure to that thing or
    event.
  • The history of the word experience aligns it
    closely with the concept of experiment.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • In scientific inquiry, an experiment is a
    method of investigating particular types of
    research questions or solving particular types
    of problems.
  • The experiment is a cornerstone in the
    empirical approach to acquiring deeper
    knowledge about the world and is used in
    both natural sciences as well as in social
    sciences.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • An experiment is defined, in science, as a
    method of investigating less known fields,
    solving practical problems, proving theoretical
    assumptions

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • An interview is a conversation between two or
    more people (the interviewer and the
    interviewee) where questions are asked by
    the interviewer to obtain information from the
    interviewee.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • A mathematical model uses mathematical
    language to describe a system.
  • Mathematical models are used particularly in
    the natural sciences and engineering
    disciplines, such as - physics - biology -
    meteorology - electrical engineering but also
    in the social sciences (such as economics,
    sociology and political science) physicists,
    engineers, computer scientists, and economists
    use mathematical models most extensively.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Mathematical models are also in the social
    sciences, such as - economics - sociology
    - political science
  • Physicists, Engineers, Computer Scientists,
    and Economists use mathematical models most
    extensively.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Eykhoff defined a mathematical model as a
    representation of the essential aspects of an
    existing system (or a system to be
    constructed) which presents knowledge of that
    system in usable form.
  • Mathematical models can take many forms,
    including but not limited to dynamical systems,
    statistical models, differential equations, or
    game theoretic models.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • These and other types of models can overlap,
  • with a given model involving a variety
    of abstract structures.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Participant observation is a set of research
    strategies which aim to gain a close and
    intimate familiarity with a given group of
    individuals, such as - religious -
    occupational - subcultural group - particular
    community - practices through an intensive
    involvement with people in their natural
    environment, often though not always over
    an extended period of time.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • The method originated in field work of social
    anthropologists, especially Bronislaw
    Malinowski and his students in Britain, the
    students of Franz Boas in the US, and in the
    urban research of the Chicago School of
    sociology.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Q Methodology is a research method used in
    psychology and other social sciences to study
    peoples subjectivity -- that is, their
    viewpoint.
  • Q was developed by psychologist William
    Stephenson. It has been used both in clinical
    settings for assessing patients, as well as
    in research settings to examine how people
    think about a topic.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • The name Q comes from the form of factor
    analysis that is used to analyze the data.
  • Normal factor analysis, called R method
    involves finding correlations between
    variables (say, height and age) across a
    sample of subjects.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • A questionnaire is a research instrument
    consisting of a series of questions and other
    prompts for the purpose of gathering
    information from respondents.
  • Although they are often designed for
    statistical analysis of the responses, this is
    not always the case. The questionnaire was
    invented by Sir Francis Galton.
  • Questionnaires are used by sociologists, and
    positivists prefer closed questions.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Simulation is the imitation of some real thing,
    state of affairs, or process.
  • The act of simulating something generally
    entails representing certain key characteristics
    or behaviours of a selected physical or
    abstract system.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Statistics is a mathematical science
    pertaining to the collection, analysis,
    interpretation or explanation, and
    presentation of data.
  • It is applicable to a wide variety of
    academic disciplines, from the natural and
    social sciences to the humanities, government
    and business.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Statistical surveys are used to collect
    quantitative information about items in a
    population.
  • Surveys of human populations and institutions
    are common in political polling and
    government, health, and social science and
    marketing research.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • A survey may focus on opinions or factual
    information depending on its purpose, and many
    surveys involve administering questions to
    individuals.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Questions are administered by a researcher,
    the survey is called a structured interview
    or a researcher-administered survey.
  • Questions are administered by the respondent,
    the survey is referred to as a questionnaire or
    a self-administered survey.

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Research methods (Cont.)
  • Research is often conducted using the
    hourglass model.
  • The hourglass model starts with a broad
    spectrum for research, focusing in on the
    required information through the methodology
    of the project (like the neck of the
    hourglass), then expands the research in
    the form of discussion and results.

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5. Research Publishing
  • Academic publishing describes a system that is
    necessaryin order for academic scholarsto peer
    review the work and make it available for a
    wider audience.
  • The system, which is probably disorganized
    enough not to merit the title, varies widely by
    field, and is also always changing, if often
    slowly.

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Research Publishing (Cont.)
  • Most academic work is published in journal
    article or book form. In publishing, STM
    publishing is an abbreviation for academic
    publications in science, technology, and medicine.

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Research Publishing (Cont.)
  • Most established academic fields have their own
    journals and other outlets for publication.
  • Though many academic journalsare somewhat
    interdisciplinary, and publish work from several
    distinct fields or subfields. The kinds of
    publications that are accepted as contributions
    of knowledge or research vary greatly between
    fields

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Research Publishing (Cont.)
  • Academic publishing is undergoing major
    changes,emerging from the transition from the
    printto the electronic format.
  • For Ph.D. in eLearning Methodology,
  • electronic format is not acceptable.

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Research Publishing (Cont.)
  • Presently, a major trend, particularly with
    respect to scholarly journals, is open access.
  • There are two main forms of open access - Open
    access publishing in which the articles or
    the whole journal is freely available from the
    time of publication- Self-archiving where the
    author makes a copy of their own work freely
    available on the web.

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Research Publishing (Cont.)
  • For Ph.D. in eLearning Methodology,
  • publication in refereed Proceedings
  • of Conferences organized by ACM
  • and IEEE is accepted.

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Research Publishing (Cont.)
  • Samples of ACM Proceedings are
  • A-MOST Workshop on Advances
    in Model-Based Testing
  • ACM Policy ACM Policy
  • ACM-SE ACM Southeast Regional
    Conference

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Samples of ACM Proceedings(Cont.)
  • ACM/CSC-ER ACM Annual
    Conference/Annual Meeting
  • AFRIGRAPH Computer graphics, virtual
    reality, visualisation
    and interaction in Africa

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • AGENTS International Conference
    on Autonomous Agents
  • AICPS ACM International Conference
    Proceeding Series
  • ANCS Symposium On Architecture For
    Networking And Communications
    Systems

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • ANNA Analysis of Neural Net Applications
    Conference
  • ANSS Annual Simulation Symposium

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • AOSD Aspect-oriented software development
  • APGV Applied Perception in Graphics and
    Visualization
  • APL International Conference on APL
  • ASE Automated Software Engineering
  • ASPDAC with EDA Technofair Design Automation
    Conference Asia and South Pacific

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • ASPLOS Architectural Support
    for Programming Languages and
    Operating Systems
  • ASSETS ACM SIGACCESS Conference
    on Assistive Technologies
  • CC Creativity and Cognition
  • CASES International Conference on Compilers,
    Architecture and Synthesis
    for Embedded Systems

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • CAW Computer Architecture Workshop
  • CC Critical Computing
  • CCS Conference on Computer and
    Communications Security
  • CCSC Consortium for Computing Sciences
    in Colleges
  • CCU Contemporary Computing in Ukraine

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • CF Conference On Computing Frontiers
  • CFP Computers, Freedom and Privacy
  • CGO Code Generation and Optimization
  • CHI Conference on Human Factors in
    Computing Systems
  • CHIMIT Computer Human Interaction
    for the Management of
    Information Technology

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • CIKM Conference on Information and
    Knowledge Management
  • CIVR Conference On Image And Video Retrieval
  • CLADE International Workshop on Challenges
    of Large Applications
    in Distributed Environments
  • CODESISSS International Conference
    on Hardware Software Codesign
  • COLT Annual Workshop on
    Computational Learning Theory

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • COMM Applications, Technologies,
    Architectures, and Protocols
    for Computer Communication
  • COMPUTE Annual Bangalore Compute
    Conference
  • CPR Special Interest Group on
    Computer Personnel Research Annual
    Conference
  • CQL Symposium on Computers and the Quality of
    Life
  • CSC ACM Annual Computer Science Conference

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • CSCW Computer Supported Cooperative Work
  • CUU ACM Conference on Universal Usability
  • CVE Collaborative Virtual Environments
  • CoNEXT International Conference
    On Emerging Networking Experiments
    And Technologies
  • DAC Annual ACM IEEE Design Automation
    Conference

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • DARE Designing Augmented Reality
    Environments
  • DATE Design, Automation, and Test in Europe
  • DEBS Distributed event-based systems
  • DIAL M Workshop on Discrete Algothrithms
    and Methods for MOBILE Computing
    and Communications
  • DIM Workshop On Digital Identity Management

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • DIS Symposium on Designing Interactive
    Systems
  • DLS Dynamic Languages Symposium
  • DMKD Data Mining And Knowledge Discovery
  • DOLAP Data Warehousing and OLAP
  • DPDS International Symposium on Databases
    for Parallel and Distributed Systems

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • DPPI Designing Pleasurable Products
    And Interfaces
  • DRM ACM Workshop On Digital Rights
    Management
  • DS-RT Distributed Simulation and
    Real-Time Application
  • DUX Designing For User Experiences

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • DaMoN Data Management On New Hardware
  • DocEng Document Engineering
  • Dynamo Workshop on Dynamic and Adaptive
    Compilation and Optimization
  • EATIS Euro American Conference On
    Telematics And Information Systems
  • EC Electronic Commerce

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • ECA Ethics in the Computer Age
  • ECLIPSE OOPSLA workshop on eclipse
    technology eXchange
  • EDTC European Design and Test Conference
  • EMSOFT International Conference
    On Embedded Software
  • ERLANG Annual ERLANG Workshop

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • ETRA Eye Tracking Research Application
  • EW ACM SIGOPS European Workshop
  • EmNets Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors
  • EuroDAC European Design Automation
    Conference
  • EuroSys European Conference on
    Computer Systems

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • ExpCS Workshop On Experimental
    Computer Science
  • FMSE Workshop on Formal Methods in
    Security Engineering
  • FMSP Formal Methods in Software Practice
  • FOIS Formal Ontology in Information Systems
  • FPCA Functional Programming Languages
    and Computer Architecture

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • FPGA International Symposium on
    Field Programmable Gate Arrays
  • Future Play Future Play
  • GECCO Genetic And Evolutionary Computation
    Conference
  • GIR Workshop On Geographic Information
    Retrieval
  • GIS Geographic Information Systems

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • GLVLSI Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI
  • GPCE Generative Programming And
    Component Engineering
  • GRAPHITE Computer graphics
    and interactive techniques
    in Australasia and South East Asia
  • GROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • HMI History of Medical Informatics
  • HOPL History of Programming Languages
  • HPDC High Performance Distributed Computing
  • HPW History of Personal Workstations
  • HRI ACM SIGCHI/SIGART Human-Robot
    Interaction

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • HSNC History of Scientific and Numeric
    Computation
  • HT Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia
  • HWWS SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS
    Conference On Graphics Hardware
  • Hypercube Hypercube Concurrent Computers
    and Applications

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • I3D Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics
  • ICAIL International Conference on
    Artificial Intelligence and Law
  • ICCAD International Conference
    on Computer Aided Design
  • ICE International Conference on Information
    and Computation Economies
  • ICER International Computing Education
  • Research Workshop

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • ICFP International Conference on
    Functional Programming
  • ICIS International Conference on
    Information Systems
  • ICMI International Conference on
    Multimodal Interfaces
  • ICS International Conference on Supercomputing
  • ICSE International Conference on
    Software Engineering

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • ICSOC International Conference
    On Service Oriented Computing
  • IDC Interactive Design And Children
  • IEA/AEI International conference on Industrial
    and engineering applications
    of artificial intelligence
    and expert systems
  • IHIS Interoperability Of Heterogeneous
    Information Systems
  • IMC Internet Measurement Conference

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • IOPADS Workshop on I/O in Parallel
    and Distributed Systems
  • IPSN Information Processing In Sensor Networks
  • IQIS Information Quality in
    Informational Systems
  • IRAL International Workshop on
    Information Retrieval with Asia
    Languages
  • IRP2PN Information Retrieval
    In Peer-To-Peer Networks

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • IRTAW International Workshop on
    Real-time Ada Issues
  • ISCA International Symposium on
    Computer Architecture
  • ISESE International Symposium on
    Empirical Software Engineering
  • ISLPED International Symposium
    on Low Power Electronics and Design
  • ISMAR Symposium on Mixed and
    Augmented Reality

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • ISMIS International Symposium on
    Methodologies for Intelligent Systems
  • ISMM International Symposium on
    Memory Management
  • ISPD International Symposium on
    Physical Design
  • ISPW International Software Process Workshop
  • ISSAC International Conference on Symbolic
    and Algebraic Computation

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • ISSS International Symposium on
    Systems Synthesis
  • ISSTA International Symposium on
    Software Testing and Analysis
  • ISW International Symposium on Wikis
  • ITiCSE Annual Joint Conference
    Integrating Technology into
    Computer Science Education
  • IUI International Conference on
    Intelligent User Interfaces

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • IVME Interpreters, Virtual Machines
    And Emulators
  • IWCMC International Conference
    On Communications And Mobile
    Computing
  • IWSSD International Workshop on
    Software Specifications Design
  • InfoSecCD Information security
    curriculum development
  • JAVA Java Grande Conference

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • JCDL/DL International Conference
    on Digital Libraries
  • KCAP International Conference On
    Knowledge Capture
  • KDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery
    in Data
  • LCTES Language, Compiler and Tool Support
    for Embedded Systems
  • LFP Conference on LISP and Functional
    Programming

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107
Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • MDM International Conference On
    Mobile Data Management
  • MEDEA Memory Performance
    Dealing With Applications,
    Systems And Architecture
  • MICRO International Symposium
    on Microarchitecture
  • MM International Multimedia Conference
  • MMDB ACM International Workshop
    On Multimedia Databases

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • MSP Memory System Performance
  • MSWiM International Workshop
    on Modeling Analysis and
    Simulation of Wireless and
    Mobile Systems
  • MVL Multiple-Valued Logic
  • Middleware Middleware Conference

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • MobiArch Mobility In The Evolving Internet
    Architecture
  • MobiCom International Conference
    on Mobile Computing and
    Networking
  • MobiDE International Workshop
    on Data Engineering for
    Wireless and Mobile Access

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • MobiHoc International Symposium
    on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking
    Computing
  • MobiSys International Conference
    On Mobile Systems, Applications
    And Services

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111
Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • Mobility International Conference
    On Mobile Technology, Applications,
    And Systems
  • NOSSDAV International Workshop on Network
    and Operating System Support
    for Digital Audio and Video
  • NPAR Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering
  • NPIVM New Paradigms in Information Visualization
    and Manipulation
  • NSPW New Security Paradigms Workshop

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • NetGames Network and System Support
    for Games
  • OODS International Workshop on
    Object-Oriented Database Systems
  • OOPSLA Conference on Object Oriented
    Programming Systems Languages
    and Applications

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113
Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • PADS Workshop on Parallel and Distributed
    Simulation
  • PASCO International Symposium
  • on Parallel Symbolic
    Computation
  • PASTE Workshop on Program Analysis
    for Software Tools and Engineering
  • PDC Participatory Design
  • PEPM ACM/SIGPLAN Workshop Partial
    Evaluation and Semantics-Based Program
    Manipulation

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • PLDI Conference on Programming Language
    Design and Implementation
  • PLOS Programming Languages and
    Operating Systems
  • PODC Annual ACM Symposium on
    Principles of Distributed Computing
  • PODS Symposium on Principles of
    Database Systems
  • POMC ACM Workshop On Principles
    Of Mobile Computing

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • POPL Annual Symposium on Principles
    of Programming Languages
  • PPDP International Conference on Principles
    and Practice of Declarative Programming
  • PPEALS Symposium on Principles and Practice
    of Parallel Programming
  • PPoPP Principles and Practice of
    Parallel Programming
  • PRS Parallel Rendering Symposium

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • PVG Parallel and large-data visualization
    and graphics
  • RBAC ACM Workshop on Role Based
    Access Control
  • RECOMB Annual Conference on Research
    in Computational Molecular Biology
  • RKRAS Research In Knowledge Representation
    For Autonomous Systems
  • RULE Workshop On Rule-Based Programming

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • SCG Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry
  • SCM Software Configuration Management Workshop
  • SCN Simulation of Computer Networks
  • SCSC Summer Computer Simulation Conference
  • SESPSDE Software Engineering Symposium on
    Practical Software Development Environments

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • SETA Symposium on Environments and
    Tools for Ada
  • SICOSIM Sigcosim Symposium
  • SIGAda Annual International Conference
    on Ada
  • SIGCSE Technical Symposium on
    Computer Science Education
  • SIGDOC ACM Special Interest Group
    for Design of Communication

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • SIGFORTH SIGFORTH
  • SIGGRAPH International Conference
    on Computer Graphics
    and Interactive Techniques
  • SIGIR Annual ACM Conference on
    Research and Development in
    Information Retrieval
  • SIGMETRICS Joint International Conference
    on Measurement and Modeling
    of Computer Systems

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120
Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • SVR SIGGRAPH Video Review
  • SWS Workshop On Secure Web Services
  • SYMSAC Symposium on Symbolic
    and Algebraic Manipulation
  • SenSys Conference On Embedded Networked
    Sensor Systems
  • TAPIA Richard Tapia Celebration Of Diversity
    In Computing

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • TARK Theoretical Aspects Of Rationality
    And Knowledge
  • TAU Timing Issues In The Specification
    And Synthesis Of Digital Systems
  • TDES Trends and Direction in Expert Systems
  • TEI Tangible and embedded interaction
  • TLDI Types In Languages Design
  • And Implementation

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • UIMC Conference On Ubiquitous Information
    Management And Communication
  • UIST Symposium on User Interface Software
    and Technology
  • VAST Virtual reality, archeology,
    and cultural heritage
  • VEE ACM/Usenix International Conference
    On Virtual Execution Environments
  • VIS IEEE Visualization

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Language
    Symposium
  • VRST Virtual Reality Software and Technology
  • VTDC Virtualization Technology in
    Distributed Computing
  • VolVis Symposium on Volume Visualization
  • WACC International Conference on
    Work activities Coordination and
    Collaboration

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • WADAS Washington Ada Symposium
  • WCAE Workshop On Computer Architecture
    Education
  • WI Web Intelligence
  • WIDM Workshop On Web Information
    And Data Management
  • WISEC Conference On Wireless Network
    Security

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Samples of ACM Proceedings (Cont.)
  • WiSe Workshop on Wireless Security
  • WoWMoM International Workshop
    on Wireless Mobile Multimedia
  • XIME-P Workshop on XQuery Implementation,
    Experience and Perspectives
  • XMLSEC Workshop On XML Security

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Samples of IEEE Proceedings
  • IEEE publishes more than 500 proceedings per
    year. Sample are given below
  • - Automated Production of Cross Media Content
    for Multi-Channel Distribution (AXMEDIS).
  • - Annual Symposium on Switching and Automata
  • - International Conference on 3-D Digital
    Imaging and Modeling.

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Samples of IEEE Proceedings (Cont.)
  • Balancing the Score Card Effective Supply Chain
    Management for all Stakeholders.
  • Baltic Electronics Conference
  • Bandwidth on Demand
  • Behavioral Modeling and Simulation (BMAS), IEEE
    International Workshop on
  • Best of Manufacturing Logistics, IEEE Colloquium
    on

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6. Other Types of Researches
  • There are many types researches such as
  • Advertising Research
  • Internet research
  • Consumer Marketing research
  • Operations research
  • Action research
  • Social research

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Other Types of Researches (Cont.)
  • 1) Advertising research is a specialized form of
    marketing research conducted to improve the
    efficiency of advertising.

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Advertising research (Cont.)
  • According to MarketConscious.com, It may focus
    on a specific ad or campaign, or may be directed
    at a more general understanding of how
    advertising works or how consumers use the
    information in advertising.
  • It can entail a variety of research approaches,
    including psychological, sociological, economic,
    and other perspectives

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Other Types of Researches (Cont.)
  • 2) Internet research is the practice of using
    the Internet, especially the World Wide Web, for
    research. To the extent that the Internet is
    widely and readily accessible to hundreds of
    millions of people in many parts of the world, it
    can provide practically instant information on
    most topics, and is having a profound impact on
    the way in which ideas are formed and knowledge
    is created.

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Other Types of Researches (Cont.)
  • 3) Consumer market research is a form of applied
    sociologythat concentrates on understandingthe
    behaviours, whims and preferences,of consumers
    in a market-based economy. It also aims to
    understand the effects and comparative success of
    marketing campaigns.

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Consumer market research (Cont.)
  • The field of consumer marketing research as a
    statistical science was pioneered by Arthur
    Nielsen with the founding of the ACNielsen
    Company in 1923 and later the A.C. Nielsen
    Center for Marketing Research.

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Other Types of Researches (Cont.)
  • 4) Operations Research (OR) is an
    interdisciplinary branch of applied mathematics
    and formal science that uses methods like
    mathematical modeling, statistics, and algorithms
    to arrive at optimalor near optimal solutions to
    complex problems.

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Operations Research (Cont.)
  • Operation Research is used in North America,
    South Africa and Australia, and Operational
    Research in Europe.
  • It is typically concerned with optimizing the
    maxima (profit, assembly line performance, crop
    yield, bandwidth, etc) or minima (loss, risk,
    etc) of some objective function.

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Operations Research (Cont.)
  • Operations research helps management achieve its
    goals using the scientific process.

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Other Types of Researches (Cont.)
  • 5) Action Research or Participatory action
    research has emerged in recent yearsas a
    significant methodology for intervention,
    development and change within communities and
    groups.

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Action Research (Cont.)
  • It is now promoted and implemented by many
    international development agencies and
    university programs CCAR, as well as countless
    local community organizations around the
    world.

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Other Types of Researches (Cont.)
  • 6) Social Research refers to research conducted
    by social scientists (primarily within sociology
    and social psychology), but also within other
    disciplines such as- social policy- human
    geography- political science- social
    anthropology - education

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Social Research (Cont.)
  • Sociologists and other social scientists study
    diverse things from census dataon hundreds of
    thousands of human beings, through the in-depth
    analysis of the lifeof a single important person
    to monitoring what is happeningon a street
    todayor what was happening a few hundred years
    ago.

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7. Concluding Remarks
  • The program of Ph.D. in eLearning Methodology
  • at the College of Internet Distance
    Education
  • of Assumption University
  • requires research which must be
  • original and significant.

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Concluding Remarks (Cont.)
  • This paper presented
  • - Definition of Research
  • - Research Process
  • - Research Methods
  • - Research Publishing
  • - Other Types of Researches

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Concluding Remarks (Cont.)
  • More information about the research forPh.D.
    in eLearning Methodologywill be given by
    subsequent speakers later today.

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Concluding Remarks (Cont.)
  • Please accept my best wish for all of you,Ph.D.
    students, to be able to complete your Ph.D.
    researches and get them published in refereed
    publicationsand pass the Ph.D. dissertation
    defense as soon as you wish.

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