Gestalt View of Problem Solving

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Gestalt View of Problem Solving

• Reaction against Thorndikes (1898)
  trial-and-error learning
• Focused on
• Productive as opposed to reproductive thinking
• Insight vs. trial and error
• Structural understanding vs. rote memory
• Ill-defined vs. well-defined problems
• Structural understanding the ability to
  comprehend how the problem elements fit together
  to form a structure in order to solve a problem.

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Kohler (1945) monkey and banana problem.

Kohler observed that chimpanzees appeared to have
an insight into the problem before solving it
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Kohlers two-stick problem
However, Birch (1945) showed that apes raised in
captivity did not show insightful problem solving
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Insight

• Gestaltists claim that insight is special and
  involves moments of sudden comprehension
  resulting from
• a) extended unconscious leaps in thinking
• b) greatly accelerated mental processing
• c) short-circuiting of normal reasoning processes
• Gestaltists were vague on these processes.
• Others have argued that insight is nothing
  special -- Insights are merely significant
  products of ordinary thinking processes
• (e.g. Perkins, 81 Weisberg, 1986,1995 Langley,
  Simon, Bradshaw Zytkow, 1986)

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Difference Reduction

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MEANS-ENDS ANALYSIS

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MEA ??? DR

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