Introduction, History, Perspectives, and Careers

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Introduction, History, Perspectives, and Careers

• Module 01

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I. Psychology

• The scientific study of behavior and mental
  processes.

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I. Six Contemporary Psychological Perspectives

• Module 1 Introduction, History, Perspectives,
  and Careers

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A. Psychological Perspectives

• Classifying a collection of ideas that view
  behavior from a particular perspective
• Also called schools of thought or
• psychological approaches

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1. Biological Perspective

• Focus How our biological structures and
  substances underlie a given behavior, thought, or
  emotion
• Behavior is explained by brain chemistry,
  genetics, glands, etc.

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a. Gestalt Psychology

• Focus How we integrate pieces of information
  into meaningful wholes.
• The whole is different from the sum of its parts.

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2. Psychodynamic Perspective

• Focus How behavior is affected by unconscious
  drives and conflicts
• Behavior is explained by unconscious motivation
  and unresolved inner conflicts from ones
  childhood.

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a. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• Founder of the psychoanalytic perspective
• Believed that abnormal behavior originated from
  unconscious drives and conflicts

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3. Behavioral Perspective

• Focus How we learn through rewards, punishments,
  and observation
• Behavior is explained learning

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a. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

• Russian Physiologist studied digestion in dogs
• Discovered Classical Conditioning

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b. John B. Watson (1878-1958)

• Founder of behaviorism
• Emphasized observable events, objective data, and
  scientific methodology

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c. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

• Behaviorist
• Focused on learning through rewards and punishment

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4. Social-Cultural Perspective

• Focus How thinking and behavior change depending
  on the setting or situation
• Behavior is explained by the influence of other
  people

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5. Cognitive Perspective

• Focus On how people think and process
  information
• Behavior is explained by how a person interprets
  the situation

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6. Humanistic Perspective

• Stressed the study of conscious experience and an
  individuals free will
• Healthy individuals strive to reach their
  potential.

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B. Psychologys Horizon

• Module 1 Introduction, History, Perspectives,
  and Careers

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1. Behavior Genetics

• Focus How behavior is affected by genes and the
  environment
• Combines biology and behaviorism

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2. Evolutionary Psychology

• Combines aspects of biological, psychological,
  and social perspectives
• Behavior is explained by how the behavior may
  have helped our ancestors survive long enough to
  reproduce successfully.

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3. Positive Psychology

• Focus To study and promote optimal human
  functioning
• Promotes building positive qualities in people

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C. Careers in Psychology

• Module 1 Introduction, History, Perspectives,
  and Careers

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1. Clinical Psychologists

• Diagnose and treat patients with psychological
  problems
• Largest number of professional psychologists

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2. Industrial-Organizational Psychologist Help
organizations (businesses) solve problems

• 3. Psychometricians design psychological tests

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The End