Reform

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Reform
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Spirit of Improvement

• Americans believed in improvement through
  education
• Education needed to establish a national
  character Daniel Webster
• Many state constitutions encouraged free public
  education for all children
• Schools promoted republican virtues
• Self-reliance, industry, frugality, harmony,
  sacrifice of individual needs for the good of the
  community

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The Role of Women

• Women seen as the more virtuous gender
• If women had these virtues, they could teach them
  to the men that would vote and govern the nation.
• Schools opened female departments to teach
  girls to be republican women
• This was a woman who had the virtues that would
  help her contribute to the success of the republic

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The Industrial Revolution

• Profit as important as self-improvement
• Inventions improved the quality of, and the
  reduced costs of, products
• Industrial Revolution
• Change from human power to machine power
• Steam engine invented by James Watt
• Began in England
• British guarded new technologies
• Did not allow anyone to leave the country who
  knew about them

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Before
After
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Industrial Revolution Comes to America

• Samuel Slater emigrated to the US in 1787
• Worked in textile mill in England
• Memorized plans for the machinery
• Established 1st textile mill in the US in 1793
• By 1814, 240 textile mills in US (most in the
  North)

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Cotton Gin

• Cleaning cotton seeds from cotton fibers a long,
  difficult process
• One worker could clean one pound per day
• Cotton gin (engine) operated by water power
• One worker could clean one thousand pounds per
  day

Eli Whitney, inventor of the Cotton Gin
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Effects of the Cotton Gin

• Profits skyrocketed
• US cotton exports rose 6,000 between 1790 and
  1815
• Southern planters began to depend on cotton as
  only crop
• New lands needed to grow more cotton
• Large farms sprang up in AL, MS, LA and TX
• More slaves needed to work the plantations
• Slave population in the South doubled between
  1790 and 1820
• 700,000 to 1,500,000
• South a land of slavery and farming
• North a land of free labor and industry

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Interchangeable Parts

• Whitney also developed the idea of using
  interchangeable parts to speed up manufacturing
  process
• Contracted by the federal government to make
  10,000 guns in two years
• Before, guns made by hand and each one was
  different
• By using standardized parts for all guns, guns
  could be made quickly and be consistent with
  others
• Actually took Whitney 10 years to make the guns
  but this paved the way for the improved
  manufacturing of many products

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Second Great Awakening

• 1790 census showed 1 in 10 Americans was a member
  of a church
• Changing society in the early 1800s led people to
  renew their religious faith
• 2nd Great Awakening was democratic
• Anyone, rich or poor, could gain salvation
• The congregation was generally more significant
  than the minister
• Revivals were common

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• New Religious Denominations
• Methodists (Largest in 1850)
• Spread their message through traveling ministers
• Baptists (2nd largest in 1850)
• Believed only those old enough to understand
  religion should be baptized
• Unitarians
• Believed Jesus Christ was human messenger
• God as a loving father, not stern judge
• Popular in New England, not the frontier
• Mormons
• Group that moved as they faced persecution
• Believed God would create a simpler church
• Would occur in North America, not the Holy Land

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African American Worship

• Methodists and other evangelical churches
  included blacks and whites
• Religious traditions blended together
• Call and response
• Spirituals
• African Americans started own churches
• 1816 16 congregations formed the African
  Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)
• 1831 86 churches were members of the AME

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Effects of Manufacturing and Capital on the U.S.
Economy

• Manufacturing made more goods available, so money
  became more widely used
• For the first time, the people who produced the
  goods were not the people who used them
• Capital allowed investment, which brought about
  economic expansion

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Free Enterprises Effect on the Growing Market
Revolution

• Market Revolution A shift from a home-based,
  often agricultural, economy to one based on money
  and the buying and selling of goods
• Free enterprise Economic system characterized
  by private or corporate ownership of capital
  goods
• Free enterprise system encouraged the creation of
  new industries which fueled the Market Revolution

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Nationalism at Home

• Country was uniting as people saw power of
  federal govt. over the state govt.
• Three important court rulings strengthened the
  federal governments role in the economy
• McCollough v. Maryland established power of
  courts to declare acts of a state
  unconstitutional
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward prevented state
  interference in contracts. This helped to
  stabilize the economy
• Gibbons v. Ogden established federal govt. right
  to regulate all aspects of interstate commerce

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Nationalism Abroad

• US foreign policy strengthened
• Northern border with British territory
  established as 49º N latitude
• Agreement with British to limit number of war
  ships on the Great Lakes
• Monroe Doctrine
• US would not get involved in internal affairs of
  Europe
• US would not interfere with existing European
  colonies in the Western Hemisphere
• US would not permit further colonization in the
  W.H.
• US would view any action by a European country to
  control a W.H. nation as a hostile action

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Two New Political Parties of the 1820s

• Jacksons supporters blocked all of Adams
  plans for public improvements and protective
  tariffs
• Jackson planned for upcoming election, and
  revenge

• National Republicans
• supported the Jeffersonian spirit of improvement
• John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay

• Jacksonian Democrats
• supported Jeffersons ideal of limited government
• Andrew Jackson

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Social Reforms

• Protestant Revivalists
• Felt sectional jealousy and hate was hurting the
  country
• Transcendentalism grew out of a rejection of
  traditional religion
• Rejected group worship in favor of private
  reflection
• Temperance movement was a response to the
  concern that alcohol was causing people to lose
  control and was threatening family life

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• Public Education
• Lacking in rural, southern areas
• Middle-class citizens began demanding public
  education
• Prison Reform
• Effort to improve conditions for prisoners
• Separate facilities for
• men and women
• juveniles
• mentally ill
• Utopian communities some people wanted to form
  their own small societies in an attempt to
  achieve perfect social and political communities

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New Harmony, Indiana
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• Harmony was founded by the Rappites in1814
• A religious group led by George Rapp
• They believed Christ would return to Earth in
  their lifetime
• Non-violent pacifists
• Practiced celibacy
• Harmony was established as a utopian community
  and commune

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• New Harmony was established by Robert Owen and
  William Maclure in 1825
• Bought the land from Rapp for 150,000
• Owen wanted to try to create his own utopian
  communal society
• The attempt at a utopian community failed for
  many reasons
• Internal quarrels among the leaders and residents
• They tried to ban money and use barter system
• There was no private property

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New Harmony as envisioned by Robert Owen
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• There were a few successes within New Harmony
• It did become a scientific center of national
  significance
• William Maclure brought naturalists Thomas Say
  and Charles-Alexandre Lesueur to New Harmony from
  Philadelphia
• Say has been called the father of American
  entomology and the father of American conchology
  (the study of mollusk shells)

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Abolitionist Movement

• All states north of MD abolished slavery by 1804
• All importing of slaves ended in 1808
• Colonization of Liberia
• Effort to create a country in Africa for free
  blacks and freed slaves
• Many whites supported idea to get blacks out of
  the country
• Plan offended many African Americans who simply
  wanted to improve their lives in their homeland,
  the U.S.
• William Lloyd Garrison
• White Bostonian newspaper publisher (The
  Liberator)
• Created the American Anti-Slavery Society
• By 1835, 1,000 chapters with a total of 150,000
  members

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William Lloyd Garrison
Frederick Douglass
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• Frederick Douglass
• Escaped slave
• Spoke out against slavery through his
  autobiography (Life and Times of Frederick
  Douglas)
• So eloquent some incorrectly assumed he could not
  have ever been a slave
• The Underground Railroad
• Secret escape route for slaves
• Goal was to get out of the country where
  slave-hunters could not go and bring back escaped
  slaves
• Rescued between 40,000 and 100,000 slaves
• Harriet Tubman famous conductor
• Escaped slave herself
• Returned to lead more than 300 slaves to freedom
• Nicknamed the Black Moses

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Divisions Among Abolitionists

• Some did not feel women should participate in
  political gatherings
• William Lloyd Garrison encouraged women to speak
  at his meetings
• Sarah and Angelina Grimke
• Sojourner Truth
• Former slave
• Others felt political action was useless
• Constitution allowed slavery so any law against
  slavery was unconstitutional

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Resistance to Abolitionism

• Abolitionism viewed by many as a radical idea
• White workers/labor leaders in the North feared
  increased competition for jobs
• Some whites didnt want African Americans living
  in their communities
• Eventually led to violence
• Elijah Lovejoy, editor of a newspaper, called for
  gradual emancipation
• Opponents repeatedly destroyed his printing press
• Rioters killed Lovejoy as he tried to defend his
  building
• Southerners in Congress passed a gag-rule
• Prohibited antislavery petitions from being read
  or acted upon in the House of Reps. for eight
  years

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Changing Role of Women

• Changing roles
• Lower class women took factory jobs
• Middle class women freed from chores as
  conveniences increased
• Became active in reform movements in response to
  social and legal restrictions they faced
• Fought for abolition of slavery
• Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet
  Ann Jacobs
• Seneca Falls Convention
• Wanted the rights and privileges that women
  should have as citizens of the U.S
• Primarily wanted suffrage, the right to vote

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Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Ann Jacobs
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Important Figures of the Seneca Falls Convention
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Growing Social Divisions

• Rising Immigration
• Economic changes led to increased demand for
  cheap labor
• Immigrants provided this labor
• Immigration increased from 143,000 in 1820s to
  2.6 million in 1850s
• Mostly settled in North and West
• Almost all immigrants during this time came from
  Ireland and Germany

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Tensions Over Immigration

• Irish and German immigrants faced discrimination
• Irish, working very cheaply, undermined labor
  unions
• Many Protestants disapproved of the religion of
  most of the immigrants, Roman Catholic
• American Republican Party
• Favored requiring immigrants to live in the US
  for 21 years before being eligible for citizenship

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Reform and Southerners

• Southerners disliked the Reform Movement
• Did not want to end slavery
• Disturbed by charges that slave owners were
  immoral
• Many farmers depended on child labor and did not
  want public schools
• Equal rights for women implied that they did not
  properly care for their families
• Did not feel their way of life needed reforming
  since it wasnt subjected to the problems of
  urban life

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Nativism

• Rose in a response to a surge of immigration
• Secret society formed the Order of the
  Star-Spangled Banner
• American Party (later the Know Nothings)
• Pushed for anti-immigration legislation
• Worked to defeat Irish Catholic candidates