Title: States of Consciousness
1States of Consciousness
2 Levels of Consciousness
- We know that various levels exists beyond the
conscious level. - Mere-exposure effect
- Priming
- Blind sight
Taiwanese Letter Example
3When we are awake we are
In a state of Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves and our
surroundings includes feelings, sensations,
ideas, perceptions
4The central theory of conscious behavior can be
found in
5Conscious
Subconscious
Unconscious
6Why Do We Daydream?
- They can help us prepare for future events
- They can nourish our social development
- Can substitute for impulsive behavior
7Sleep and Dreams
- You spend one third of your whole life sleeping.
- Why do we sleep?
- Why do we dream?
- Like all creatures, we have a biological clock,
which governs our daily function. This process is
called circadian rhythms. - These rhythms include a sequence of bodily
changes, such as a change in body temperature,
blood pressure, and sleepiness and wakefulness,
that occurs every 24 hours.
8Circadian Rhythm
- Our 24 hour biological clock
- The rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting
approximately one day - Our body temperature and awareness changes
throughout the day - It is best to take a test or study during your
circadian peaks
How can the circadian rhythm help explain jet
lag?
9The Stages of Sleep
- Researchers have discovered that we sleep in
stages. - These stages are defined according to brain wave
patterns measured by electroencephalograph
(EEG). - Brain waves (electrical activity) are cyclical.
That is, they vary according to whether we are
awake, relaxed, or sleeping. - There are four different kinds of brain waves
beta, alpha, theta, and delta. - Awake brain beta waves (short and quick)
- Begin to relax and get drowsy, the brain waves
slow and change to alpha waves (a little slower
than beta) - After this relaxed state, sleep follows in five
distinct stages.
10Sleep Stages
- There are 5 identified stages of sleep.
- It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass through the
5 stages. - The brains waves will change according to the
sleep stage you are in. - The first four stages and know as NREM sleep..
- The fifth stage is called REM sleep.
11Stage One
- This is experienced as falling to
- sleep and is a transition stage
- between wake and sleep.
- It usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes and
occupies approximately 2-5 of a normal night of
sleep. - eyes begin to roll slightly.
- consists mostly of theta waves (high amplitude,
low frequency (slow)) - brief periods of alpha waves, similar to those
present while awake
12Stage Two
- This follows Stage 1 sleep and is the "baseline"
of sleep. - This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and
occupies approximately 45-60 of sleep.
13Stage Three Four
- Stages three and four are "Delta" sleep or "slow
wave" sleep and may last 15-30 minutes. - It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain
activity slows down dramatically from the "theta"
rhythm of Stage 2 to a much slower rhythm called
"delta" and the height or amplitude of the waves
increases dramatically.
14Stage Three and Four (continued)
- Contrary to popular belief, it is delta sleep
that is the "deepest" stage of sleep (not REM)
and the most restorative. - It is delta sleep that a sleep-deprived person's
brain craves the first and foremost. - In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40 of
all sleep time and this is what makes children
unawake able - or "dead asleep" during
- most of the night.
15Stage Five REM SLEEP
- REM Rapid Eye Movement
- This is a very active stage of sleep.
- Composes 20-25 of a normal nights sleep.
- Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity
quicken. - Vivid Dreams can occur.
- From REM, you go back to Stage 2
16REM
- Body is essentially paralyzed during REM.
- Genitals become aroused. Erections and clitoral
engorgement. - Morning Erections are from final REM stage.
A typical 25 year old man has an erection during
half of his sleep
A 65 year old- one quarter
17Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
18Stages in a Typical Nights Sleep
19What if you didnt sleep?
- In 1964, a research study was conducted under the
supervision of a doctor ? a 17 year old boy
stayed awake for almost 11 days straight. - Result he was extremely irritable, could not
focus his eyes, had speech difficulties, memory
lapses, accident prone and depressed immune
system. - Person would eventually die if they didnt sleep.
20Sleep Disorders
21Insomnia
- Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
- Not your once in a while (I have a big test
tomorrow) having trouble getting to sleep
episodes - Insomnia is not defined by the number of hours
you sleep every night - Primary versus Secondary insomnia
22Narcolepsy
- Characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks
- Lapses directly into REM sleep (usually during
times of stress or joy)
23Sleep Apnea
- A sleep disorder characterized by temporary
cessations of breathing during sleep and
consequent momentary reawakenings
24Night Terrors
- A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal
and an appearance of being terrified. - Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not often
remembered.
25Sleepwalking(Somnambulism)
- Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder effecting an
estimated 10 percent of all humans at least once
in their lives. - Sleep walking most often occurs during deep
non-REM sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in
the night.
26Sleepwalking
- Symptoms and Features
- Ambulation (walking or moving about) that occurs
during sleep. The onset typically occurs in
pre-pubertal children. - difficulty in arousing the patient during an
episode - amnesia following an episode
- Fatigue (which is not the same as drowsiness),
- stress and anxiety
- Young children who have the deepest and
lengthiest Stage 4 sleep, are most likely to
experience both night terrors and sleepwalking.
As we get older, Stage 4 sleep diminishes so do
night terrors and sleepwalking.
27Sleepwalking
- The sleep walking activity may include simply
sitting up and appearing awake while actually
asleep, getting up and walking around, or complex
activities such as moving furniture, going to the
bathroom, dressing and undressing, and similar
activities. Some people even drive a car while
actually asleep. The episode can be very brief (a
few seconds or minutes) or can last for 30
minutes or longer. - One common misconception is that a sleep walker
should not be awakened. It is not dangerous to
awaken a sleep walker, although it is common for
the person to be confused or disoriented for a
short time on awakening. Another misconception is
that a person cannot be injured when sleep
walking. Actually, injuries caused by such things
as tripping and loss of balance are common for
sleep walkers.
28Why Dream?
- Dreaming, primarily occurs during REM sleep. When
someone is awakened during REM sleep, they
usually report/remember a dream. - The average adult dreams for about 1 ½ hours
every night. - Modern psychology suggests that dreams are simply
a reflection of the brains aroused state during
active sleep.
29Why Dream?
- During REM sleep, the cerebral cortex is active,
but it is largely shut off from sensory input. - The brains activity then is not constrained by
the demands of external reality. - Memory images become more prominent than during
waking life for they do have to compete with
the insistent here and now provided by the
senses. - The recent experiences of the day are usually
evoked, and they then arouse a number of previous
memories and intermingle them.
30Freuds wish-fulfillment Theory
- Dreams are the key to understanding our inner
conflicts - Ideas and thoughts that are hidden in our
unconscious - Manifest and latent content
31Freuds theory of dreams
- Freud began with the assumption that at the root
of every dream lies an attempt at wish
fulfillment. - While awake, a wish is not always acted upon
because considerations of both reality (the ego)
and morality (the super ego) - But during sleep, these restraints are
drastically weakened and the wish then leads to
immediate thoughts and images of gratification. - The underlying wish touches upon some forbidden
impulses/desires that might be associated with
anxiety. - Therefore, the wish is censored (cannot be
expressed directly) only allowed to surface
within a dream in symbolic disguise. - The dreamer never experiences the latent
(underlying) dream that is the hidden wish
Instead, experiences the manifest (obvious) dream
emerging after the defense mechanisms have done
their work. - Latent Content the underlying meaning of a
dream. - Manifest Content the remembered storyline of a
dream. - This latent-manifest dreaming represents a
compromise between forbidden urges (id) and
repressive forces (super ego) that hold them
down. - Essentially, according to Freud, dreaming is a
symbolic process. True forbidden wishes are
veiled in symbolic disguises.
32Information-Processing Theory
- Dreams act to sort out and understand the
memories that you experience that day - REM sleep does increase after stressful events
33Physiological Function Theories
- Activation-Synthesis Theory
- during the night our brainstem releases random
neural activity, dreams may be a way to make
sense of that activity.
34REM Rebound
- The tendency for REM sleep to increase following
REM sleep deprivation - What will happen if you dont get a good nights
sleep for a week, and then sleep for 10 hours?
You will dream a lot!!!
35Hypnosis
36Hypnosis
- Altered state of consciousness?
- Posthypnotic suggestion
- Posthypnotic amnesia
37Hypnotic Theories
- Hypnosis is NOT an altered state of
consciousness. - Different people have various state of hypnotic
suggestibility. - A social phenomenon where people want to believe.
- Work better on people with richer fantasy lives.
- Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness.
- Dramatic health benefits
- It works for pain best.
38Dissociation Theory
- Theory by Ernest Hilgard.
- We voluntarily divide our consciousness up.
- Ice Water Experiment.
- We have a hidden observer, a level of us that is
always aware.
39DRUGS
40Drugs and Consciousness
- Psychoactive Drug
- a chemical substance that alters perceptions and
mood - Physical Dependence
- physiological need for a drug
- marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
- Psychological Dependence
- a psychological need to use a drug
- for example, to relieve negative emotions
41- Psychoactive Drugs
- Depressants Downers
- drugs that reduce neural activity
- slow body functions
- Alcohol (Involved in up to 60 of all
crimes the worst drug from a - macro perspective out there)
- barbiturates and opiates
- Stimulants Uppers
- drugs that excite neural activity
- speed up body functions
- caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine,
ecstasy - Hallucinogens
- psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort
perceptions and evoke sensory images in the
absence of sensory input - LSD
- Barbiturates Tranquilizers
- drugs that depress the activity of the central
nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing
memory and judgment - Opiates
42Psychoactive Drugs