Unit 5- States of Consciousness

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Unit 5- States of Consciousness
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Consciousness

• Awareness of yourself and the environment.
• The experience of conscious behaviors can include
  thoughts, sensations, and memories

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Stream of Consciousness

• Conscious experience is continuous and constantly
  changing, without pause and without breaks.
  Thoughts, emotions, actions, sensations,
  memories, etc. blend seamlessly together. All
  the while, though, we are aware that this is
  happening.

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• Levels of Consciousness

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Levels of Consciousness

• Consciousness current level of awareness
• Nonconscious body processes that we are not
  aware of, but are active

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Levels of Consciousness

• Preconscious information out of awareness, but
  memories are easily accessible
• Subconscious information out of awareness,
  memories arent easily accessible

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Levels of Consciousness

• Unconscious information out of awareness, no
  actual memories may even exist, though behavior
  is still affected

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• Biological Rhythms - natural life cycles that
  help to guide our levels of awareness and our
  behaviors

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Biological Rhythms

• Annual Cycles Seasonal changes affecting moods,
  appetite, sleep patters
• Twenty-Eight Day Cycle Female Menstrual Cycle

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Biological Rhythms

• Ninety-Minute Cycle Sleep Cycle
• Twenty-Four Hour Cycle Daily cycle of levels of
  alertness, hormones, body temperature, etc. also
  known as

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Circadian Rhythms

• A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 to 25 hours
  long. The cyclical daily fluctuations in
  biological and psychological processes.

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Circadian Rhythms

• IE.
• Peak Mental Alertness at 900 AM and 900 PM
• Low Mental Alertness at 300 AM and 300 PM
• Peak Physical Strength at 1100 AM and 700 PM
• Peak Sensations at 300 AM and 600 PM
• Peak Sensitivity to Pain at 300 AM and 500 PM
• Peak Degrees of Sleepiness at 300 AM and 300 PM

so why does school start at 730???
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The Sleep-Wake Cycle

• At night, the pineal gland releases melatonin,
• Causes sleepiness and reduced activity level
• During the day, melatonin levels decrease and
  conscious awareness level increase

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• When there are increased levels of light,
  melatonin levels decrease and conscious awareness
  level increases

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Free-Running Circadian Rhythms

• Experiments in which all environmental time cues
  are removed no clocks, and light is
  artificially controlled
• Two important findings
• The body creates its own sleep-wake cycle that is
  roughly one-hour off of normal sleep and wake
  times (25 hours!)
• Systems that are normally synchronized lose their
  connectedness

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Jet Lag Symptoms

• Crossing time zones, disrupt circadian rhythms,
  and produce
• Sleep disturbances
• Initiating and maintaining sleep
• Daytime fatigue and sleepiness
• Physical complaints
• Gastrointestinal distress
• Headaches
• General malaise

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Jet Lag Symptoms cont.

• Cognitive difficulties
• Reduced decision making, concentration,
  forgetful, slowed reaction time
• Poor psychomotor coordination
• Mood disturbance
• Depression, apathy, lethargy
• Recovery?

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Jet LagVariables

• 25-30 of people are minimally affected
• Equal number highly susceptible
• Morning types (larks) more affected than night
  types (owls)

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Shift WorkBlue Collar Jet Lag

• 55 night shift workers report nodding off or
  falling asleep at work at least 1 time/week
• gt30 report such incidents occur more than 3
  times/week

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SLEEP !!!!!

• On average, humans sleep 22 years of their
  lifetime.

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Why do we sleep?

• Restorative Theory of Sleep
• Sleep promotes physiological processes that
  restore and rejuvenate the body and the mind
• NREM bodily restoration and REM mind
  restoration

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Why do we sleep?

• Adaptive Theory of Sleep
• Sleep patterns evolved over time to promote
  survival and adaptation.

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Adaptive Theory of Sleep

• IE. The fiercest and strongest sleep the most,
  and at their convenience

• The weakest and most vulnerable sleep in shorter
  bursts and for the least amount of time.

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2 different types of sleep

• REM Sleep rapid eye movement dreaming occur
  voluntary muscle activity is suppressed
• NREM Sleep quiet, typically dreamless sleep in
  which rapid eye movements are absent

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Stages of Sleep

• Pre-Sleep
• As you go from wakefulness to sleep you may
  experience hypnagogic hallucinations and/or
  myoclonic jerks
• Hear a loud crash, hear someone call your name,
  feel a sensation of floating, smell something
  burning, see a variety of colors
• Involuntary muscle spasms

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4 Stages of NREM Sleep

• STAGE 1 ALPHA
• Transition stage awake to sleep
• First 5-10 minutes of sleep
• Disengage from surrounding world
• Able to easily regain consciousness
• Some hypnagogic experiences continue here

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4 Stages of NREM Sleep

• Stage 2 THETA
• 15-20 minutes
• Breathing becomes rhythmical
• Small muscle twitches
• Brain activity slows down
• Sleep Spindles - Quick bursts of brain activity
  that last for a second or two

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4 Stages of NREM Sleep

• Stages 3 and 4 DELTA
• Replenishing chemicals, growth hormones released,
  fortifying the immune system
• Heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing drop to
  their lowest levels

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4 Stages of NREM Sleep

• by Stage 4
• the sleeper is oblivious to the outside world
• May take 15 minutes or more to regain
  consciousness

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4 Stages of NREM Sleep

• Stage 4
• It is possible to carry conversations, answer
  the phone, walk in this stage and never remember
  it
• Most sleeping disorders occur during this time

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Stages of Sleep back again

• When a sleeper reaches Stage 4, they have been
  asleep for about 60 minutes
• After Stage 4, the sleeper cycles back from Stage
  3 to Stage 2 in a matter of minutes and enters
  REM Sleep.

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Stages of Sleep

• REM Sleep
• Brain becomes more active makes small, fast
  brain waves
• Visual motor neurons fire during this stage,
  but voluntary muscle movements are suppressed
  (paralysis)

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REM (Rapid Eye Movement)

• Recurring sleep stage
• Vivid dreams
• The first REM stage lasts about 15 minutes the
  first sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes total

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REM Sleep is often referred to as Paradoxical
Sleep

• Muscles are relaxed, but other body systems are
  active
• Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
  increase,
• muscles twitches, heightened sexual arousal

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• REM Rebound Sleep
• The less time we spend in REM sleep one night,
  the longer amount of time we will spend in REM
  sleep the next night

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Beyond the first 90 minutes

• Sleepers cycle between NREM and REM sleep
  throughout the night
• Each cycle lasts about 90 minutes

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Just before and after REM sleep, you typically
change body positions
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As the night progresses, Stages 3 and 4 get
shorter and REM sleep increases, up to 40 minutes
at a time
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Electroencephalagram (EEG)

• Measures electrical activity in the brain
• Visualized as brain waves

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Stages of Sleep Brain Waves

• Awake brain generates Beta Waves
• As you prepare for sleep, brain generates Alpha
  Waves
• After you begin to sleep, the brain generates
  Theta Waves
• The deepest parts of sleep are characterized by
  Delta Waves

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Once you are in the simulation, check out slides
10 through 14 to figure out whats going on or
just jump right to slide 15 and enter the
experiment!

• When is someone dreaming?
• See if you can tell
• Click on the weird dream to enter the experiment!

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Sleep DYSFUNCTIONS
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Sleep Disorders

• Insomnia
• A person is unable to fall asleep, to stay
  asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep.

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Sleep Disorders

• Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
• Within the first 3 hours of sleep
• The sleeper can move around objects, but poorly
  coordinated

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Sleep Apnea
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• Carbon-dioxide builds up in the blood,
• Causes a momentary awakening, during which the
  sleeper snorts or gulps for air

• Person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep

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• Narcolepsy

• Characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and
  lapses into sleep throughout the day

• Though narcoleptics can fall asleep at any time,
  arousals usually trigger sleep laughter, anger,
  surprise, sex
• Narcoleptics instantly lose muscular control, and
  enter REM sleep. The dreams are often terrifying.

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• Night Terrors
• Occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep,
  usually during Stage 4
• Appearance of being terrified
• Right back to sleep usually no memory of the
  event
• Nightmares
• Occur towards morning
• During REM sleep

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More Sleep Disorders

• Sleep Bruxism

• Enuresis
• Bed Wetting

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Sleep Deprivation

• 8 hours is suggested for adults, but the typical
  adult sleeps less than 7 hours a night.
• 9 hours is suggested for teens, but the typical
  teen sleeps about 6 hours a night.

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Effects of Sleep Loss

• Fatigue
• Impaired concentration
• Immune suppression
• Irritability
• Slowed performance
• Accidents
• planes autos and trucks

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Dreams

• 25 of a nights sleep spent dreaming (about 2
  hours) (6 yrs of your life)
• Sleep Thinking much more common
• Vague, uncreative thoughts about real-life events

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Dreams

• A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts
  passing through a sleeping persons mind.

• Notable for their hallucinatory imagery,
  discontinuities, and delusions

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Dreams
Dreams are unfolding episodes of mental images
(story-like)
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5 Basic Characteristics

• Intense Emotions
• Content/organization are illogical
• Bizarre sensations
• Bizarre detail is accepted
• Dream images are difficult to remember

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Remembering Dreams

• We dream every night but often dont remember.
• We remember dreams that occur close to waking.

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Sleep and Dreams

• Lucid Dream recognizing that one is dreaming,
  enabling more control over the content and
  quality of the experience.

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Dream Theory

• Sigmund Freud (1900)
• The Interpretation of Dreams
• Wish fulfillment
• Get rid of unacceptable feelings
• Sex and Aggression

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When is a cigar just a cigar?

• Manifest Content the storyline events that
  occurred
• Latent Content the interpretation of unconscious
  drives, wishes, and desires that created the
  dream (the symbolism)

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Activation Synthesis

• 1973- Allan Hobson Robert McCarley created
  another theory
• Dreams are from neural activity that spreads
  upward from the brainstem.
• Dreams are the brains attempt to make sense out
  of random neural static

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Information Processing Memory Consolidation

• Rebuilds neural connections
• Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix the days
  experiences in our memory
• IE. It was found that on average, student who get
  As and Bs sleep 25 minutes more a night than
  lower achieving students

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Dream Interpretationhttp//www.myjellybean.com/as
trology/dream/e_dreams.htmhttp//www.dreammoods.
com/dreamdictionary/