Title: Unit 5- States of Consciousness
1Unit 5- States of Consciousness
2Consciousness
- Awareness of yourself and the environment.
- The experience of conscious behaviors can include
thoughts, sensations, and memories
3Stream of Consciousness
- Conscious experience is continuous and constantly
changing, without pause and without breaks.
Thoughts, emotions, actions, sensations,
memories, etc. blend seamlessly together. All
the while, though, we are aware that this is
happening.
4 5Levels of Consciousness
- Consciousness current level of awareness
- Nonconscious body processes that we are not
aware of, but are active
6Levels of Consciousness
- Preconscious information out of awareness, but
memories are easily accessible - Subconscious information out of awareness,
memories arent easily accessible
7Levels of Consciousness
- Unconscious information out of awareness, no
actual memories may even exist, though behavior
is still affected
8- Biological Rhythms - natural life cycles that
help to guide our levels of awareness and our
behaviors
9Biological Rhythms
- Annual Cycles Seasonal changes affecting moods,
appetite, sleep patters - Twenty-Eight Day Cycle Female Menstrual Cycle
10Biological Rhythms
- Ninety-Minute Cycle Sleep Cycle
- Twenty-Four Hour Cycle Daily cycle of levels of
alertness, hormones, body temperature, etc. also
known as
11Circadian Rhythms
- A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 to 25 hours
long. The cyclical daily fluctuations in
biological and psychological processes.
12Circadian Rhythms
- IE.
- Peak Mental Alertness at 900 AM and 900 PM
- Low Mental Alertness at 300 AM and 300 PM
- Peak Physical Strength at 1100 AM and 700 PM
- Peak Sensations at 300 AM and 600 PM
- Peak Sensitivity to Pain at 300 AM and 500 PM
- Peak Degrees of Sleepiness at 300 AM and 300 PM
so why does school start at 730???
13The Sleep-Wake Cycle
- At night, the pineal gland releases melatonin,
- Causes sleepiness and reduced activity level
- During the day, melatonin levels decrease and
conscious awareness level increase
14- When there are increased levels of light,
melatonin levels decrease and conscious awareness
level increases
15Free-Running Circadian Rhythms
- Experiments in which all environmental time cues
are removed no clocks, and light is
artificially controlled - Two important findings
- The body creates its own sleep-wake cycle that is
roughly one-hour off of normal sleep and wake
times (25 hours!) - Systems that are normally synchronized lose their
connectedness
16Jet Lag Symptoms
- Crossing time zones, disrupt circadian rhythms,
and produce - Sleep disturbances
- Initiating and maintaining sleep
- Daytime fatigue and sleepiness
- Physical complaints
- Gastrointestinal distress
- Headaches
- General malaise
17Jet Lag Symptoms cont.
- Cognitive difficulties
- Reduced decision making, concentration,
forgetful, slowed reaction time - Poor psychomotor coordination
- Mood disturbance
- Depression, apathy, lethargy
- Recovery?
18Jet LagVariables
- 25-30 of people are minimally affected
- Equal number highly susceptible
- Morning types (larks) more affected than night
types (owls)
19Shift WorkBlue Collar Jet Lag
- 55 night shift workers report nodding off or
falling asleep at work at least 1 time/week - gt30 report such incidents occur more than 3
times/week
20SLEEP !!!!!
- On average, humans sleep 22 years of their
lifetime.
21Why do we sleep?
- Restorative Theory of Sleep
- Sleep promotes physiological processes that
restore and rejuvenate the body and the mind - NREM bodily restoration and REM mind
restoration
22Why do we sleep?
- Adaptive Theory of Sleep
- Sleep patterns evolved over time to promote
survival and adaptation.
23Adaptive Theory of Sleep
- IE. The fiercest and strongest sleep the most,
and at their convenience
- The weakest and most vulnerable sleep in shorter
bursts and for the least amount of time.
242 different types of sleep
- REM Sleep rapid eye movement dreaming occur
voluntary muscle activity is suppressed - NREM Sleep quiet, typically dreamless sleep in
which rapid eye movements are absent
25Stages of Sleep
- Pre-Sleep
- As you go from wakefulness to sleep you may
experience hypnagogic hallucinations and/or
myoclonic jerks - Hear a loud crash, hear someone call your name,
feel a sensation of floating, smell something
burning, see a variety of colors - Involuntary muscle spasms
264 Stages of NREM Sleep
- STAGE 1 ALPHA
- Transition stage awake to sleep
- First 5-10 minutes of sleep
- Disengage from surrounding world
- Able to easily regain consciousness
- Some hypnagogic experiences continue here
274 Stages of NREM Sleep
- Stage 2 THETA
- 15-20 minutes
- Breathing becomes rhythmical
- Small muscle twitches
- Brain activity slows down
- Sleep Spindles - Quick bursts of brain activity
that last for a second or two
284 Stages of NREM Sleep
- Stages 3 and 4 DELTA
- Replenishing chemicals, growth hormones released,
fortifying the immune system - Heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing drop to
their lowest levels
294 Stages of NREM Sleep
- by Stage 4
- the sleeper is oblivious to the outside world
- May take 15 minutes or more to regain
consciousness
304 Stages of NREM Sleep
- Stage 4
- It is possible to carry conversations, answer
the phone, walk in this stage and never remember
it - Most sleeping disorders occur during this time
31Stages of Sleep back again
- When a sleeper reaches Stage 4, they have been
asleep for about 60 minutes - After Stage 4, the sleeper cycles back from Stage
3 to Stage 2 in a matter of minutes and enters
REM Sleep.
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33Stages of Sleep
- REM Sleep
- Brain becomes more active makes small, fast
brain waves - Visual motor neurons fire during this stage,
but voluntary muscle movements are suppressed
(paralysis)
34REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
- Recurring sleep stage
- Vivid dreams
- The first REM stage lasts about 15 minutes the
first sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes total
35REM Sleep is often referred to as Paradoxical
Sleep
- Muscles are relaxed, but other body systems are
active - Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
increase, - muscles twitches, heightened sexual arousal
36- REM Rebound Sleep
- The less time we spend in REM sleep one night,
the longer amount of time we will spend in REM
sleep the next night
37Beyond the first 90 minutes
- Sleepers cycle between NREM and REM sleep
throughout the night - Each cycle lasts about 90 minutes
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40Just before and after REM sleep, you typically
change body positions
41As the night progresses, Stages 3 and 4 get
shorter and REM sleep increases, up to 40 minutes
at a time
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44Electroencephalagram (EEG)
- Measures electrical activity in the brain
- Visualized as brain waves
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46Stages of Sleep Brain Waves
- Awake brain generates Beta Waves
- As you prepare for sleep, brain generates Alpha
Waves - After you begin to sleep, the brain generates
Theta Waves - The deepest parts of sleep are characterized by
Delta Waves
47 Once you are in the simulation, check out slides
10 through 14 to figure out whats going on or
just jump right to slide 15 and enter the
experiment!
- When is someone dreaming?
- See if you can tell
- Click on the weird dream to enter the experiment!
48Sleep DYSFUNCTIONS
49Sleep Disorders
- Insomnia
- A person is unable to fall asleep, to stay
asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep.
50Sleep Disorders
- Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
- Within the first 3 hours of sleep
- The sleeper can move around objects, but poorly
coordinated
51 Sleep Apnea
52- Carbon-dioxide builds up in the blood,
- Causes a momentary awakening, during which the
sleeper snorts or gulps for air
- Person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep
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54 - Characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and
lapses into sleep throughout the day
- Though narcoleptics can fall asleep at any time,
arousals usually trigger sleep laughter, anger,
surprise, sex - Narcoleptics instantly lose muscular control, and
enter REM sleep. The dreams are often terrifying.
55- Night Terrors
- Occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep,
usually during Stage 4 - Appearance of being terrified
- Right back to sleep usually no memory of the
event - Nightmares
- Occur towards morning
- During REM sleep
56More Sleep Disorders
57Sleep Deprivation
- 8 hours is suggested for adults, but the typical
adult sleeps less than 7 hours a night. - 9 hours is suggested for teens, but the typical
teen sleeps about 6 hours a night.
58Effects of Sleep Loss
- Fatigue
- Impaired concentration
- Immune suppression
- Irritability
- Slowed performance
- Accidents
- planes autos and trucks
59Dreams
- 25 of a nights sleep spent dreaming (about 2
hours) (6 yrs of your life) - Sleep Thinking much more common
- Vague, uncreative thoughts about real-life events
60Dreams
- A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts
passing through a sleeping persons mind.
- Notable for their hallucinatory imagery,
discontinuities, and delusions
61Dreams
Dreams are unfolding episodes of mental images
(story-like)
625 Basic Characteristics
- Intense Emotions
- Content/organization are illogical
- Bizarre sensations
- Bizarre detail is accepted
- Dream images are difficult to remember
63Remembering Dreams
- We dream every night but often dont remember.
- We remember dreams that occur close to waking.
64Sleep and Dreams
- Lucid Dream recognizing that one is dreaming,
enabling more control over the content and
quality of the experience.
65Dream Theory
- Sigmund Freud (1900)
- The Interpretation of Dreams
- Wish fulfillment
- Get rid of unacceptable feelings
- Sex and Aggression
66When is a cigar just a cigar?
- Manifest Content the storyline events that
occurred - Latent Content the interpretation of unconscious
drives, wishes, and desires that created the
dream (the symbolism)
67Activation Synthesis
- 1973- Allan Hobson Robert McCarley created
another theory - Dreams are from neural activity that spreads
upward from the brainstem. - Dreams are the brains attempt to make sense out
of random neural static
68Information Processing Memory Consolidation
- Rebuilds neural connections
- Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix the days
experiences in our memory - IE. It was found that on average, student who get
As and Bs sleep 25 minutes more a night than
lower achieving students
69Dream Interpretationhttp//www.myjellybean.com/as
trology/dream/e_dreams.htmhttp//www.dreammoods.
com/dreamdictionary/