Unit 5- States of Consciousness - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Unit 5- States of Consciousness

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Title: Unit 5- States of Consciousness


1
Unit 5- States of Consciousness
2
Consciousness
  • Awareness of yourself and the environment.
  • The experience of conscious behaviors can include
    thoughts, sensations, and memories

3
Stream of Consciousness
  • Conscious experience is continuous and constantly
    changing, without pause and without breaks.
    Thoughts, emotions, actions, sensations,
    memories, etc. blend seamlessly together. All
    the while, though, we are aware that this is
    happening.

4
  • Levels of Consciousness

5
Levels of Consciousness
  • Consciousness current level of awareness
  • Nonconscious body processes that we are not
    aware of, but are active

6
Levels of Consciousness
  • Preconscious information out of awareness, but
    memories are easily accessible
  • Subconscious information out of awareness,
    memories arent easily accessible

7
Levels of Consciousness
  • Unconscious information out of awareness, no
    actual memories may even exist, though behavior
    is still affected

8
  • Biological Rhythms - natural life cycles that
    help to guide our levels of awareness and our
    behaviors

9
Biological Rhythms
  • Annual Cycles Seasonal changes affecting moods,
    appetite, sleep patters
  • Twenty-Eight Day Cycle Female Menstrual Cycle

10
Biological Rhythms
  • Ninety-Minute Cycle Sleep Cycle
  • Twenty-Four Hour Cycle Daily cycle of levels of
    alertness, hormones, body temperature, etc. also
    known as

11
Circadian Rhythms
  • A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 to 25 hours
    long. The cyclical daily fluctuations in
    biological and psychological processes.

12
Circadian Rhythms
  • IE.
  • Peak Mental Alertness at 900 AM and 900 PM
  • Low Mental Alertness at 300 AM and 300 PM
  • Peak Physical Strength at 1100 AM and 700 PM
  • Peak Sensations at 300 AM and 600 PM
  • Peak Sensitivity to Pain at 300 AM and 500 PM
  • Peak Degrees of Sleepiness at 300 AM and 300 PM

so why does school start at 730???
13
The Sleep-Wake Cycle
  • At night, the pineal gland releases melatonin,
  • Causes sleepiness and reduced activity level
  • During the day, melatonin levels decrease and
    conscious awareness level increase

14
  • When there are increased levels of light,
    melatonin levels decrease and conscious awareness
    level increases

15
Free-Running Circadian Rhythms
  • Experiments in which all environmental time cues
    are removed no clocks, and light is
    artificially controlled
  • Two important findings
  • The body creates its own sleep-wake cycle that is
    roughly one-hour off of normal sleep and wake
    times (25 hours!)
  • Systems that are normally synchronized lose their
    connectedness

16
Jet Lag Symptoms
  • Crossing time zones, disrupt circadian rhythms,
    and produce
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Initiating and maintaining sleep
  • Daytime fatigue and sleepiness
  • Physical complaints
  • Gastrointestinal distress
  • Headaches
  • General malaise

17
Jet Lag Symptoms cont.
  • Cognitive difficulties
  • Reduced decision making, concentration,
    forgetful, slowed reaction time
  • Poor psychomotor coordination
  • Mood disturbance
  • Depression, apathy, lethargy
  • Recovery?

18
Jet LagVariables
  • 25-30 of people are minimally affected
  • Equal number highly susceptible
  • Morning types (larks) more affected than night
    types (owls)

19
Shift WorkBlue Collar Jet Lag
  • 55 night shift workers report nodding off or
    falling asleep at work at least 1 time/week
  • gt30 report such incidents occur more than 3
    times/week

20
SLEEP !!!!!
  • On average, humans sleep 22 years of their
    lifetime.

21
Why do we sleep?
  • Restorative Theory of Sleep
  • Sleep promotes physiological processes that
    restore and rejuvenate the body and the mind
  • NREM bodily restoration and REM mind
    restoration

22
Why do we sleep?
  • Adaptive Theory of Sleep
  • Sleep patterns evolved over time to promote
    survival and adaptation.

23
Adaptive Theory of Sleep
  • IE. The fiercest and strongest sleep the most,
    and at their convenience
  • The weakest and most vulnerable sleep in shorter
    bursts and for the least amount of time.

24
2 different types of sleep
  • REM Sleep rapid eye movement dreaming occur
    voluntary muscle activity is suppressed
  • NREM Sleep quiet, typically dreamless sleep in
    which rapid eye movements are absent

25
Stages of Sleep
  • Pre-Sleep
  • As you go from wakefulness to sleep you may
    experience hypnagogic hallucinations and/or
    myoclonic jerks
  • Hear a loud crash, hear someone call your name,
    feel a sensation of floating, smell something
    burning, see a variety of colors
  • Involuntary muscle spasms

26
4 Stages of NREM Sleep
  • STAGE 1 ALPHA
  • Transition stage awake to sleep
  • First 5-10 minutes of sleep
  • Disengage from surrounding world
  • Able to easily regain consciousness
  • Some hypnagogic experiences continue here

27
4 Stages of NREM Sleep
  • Stage 2 THETA
  • 15-20 minutes
  • Breathing becomes rhythmical
  • Small muscle twitches
  • Brain activity slows down
  • Sleep Spindles - Quick bursts of brain activity
    that last for a second or two

28
4 Stages of NREM Sleep
  • Stages 3 and 4 DELTA
  • Replenishing chemicals, growth hormones released,
    fortifying the immune system
  • Heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing drop to
    their lowest levels

29
4 Stages of NREM Sleep
  • by Stage 4
  • the sleeper is oblivious to the outside world
  • May take 15 minutes or more to regain
    consciousness

30
4 Stages of NREM Sleep
  • Stage 4
  • It is possible to carry conversations, answer
    the phone, walk in this stage and never remember
    it
  • Most sleeping disorders occur during this time

31
Stages of Sleep back again
  • When a sleeper reaches Stage 4, they have been
    asleep for about 60 minutes
  • After Stage 4, the sleeper cycles back from Stage
    3 to Stage 2 in a matter of minutes and enters
    REM Sleep.

32
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33
Stages of Sleep
  • REM Sleep
  • Brain becomes more active makes small, fast
    brain waves
  • Visual motor neurons fire during this stage,
    but voluntary muscle movements are suppressed
    (paralysis)

34
REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
  • Recurring sleep stage
  • Vivid dreams
  • The first REM stage lasts about 15 minutes the
    first sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes total

35
REM Sleep is often referred to as Paradoxical
Sleep
  • Muscles are relaxed, but other body systems are
    active
  • Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
    increase,
  • muscles twitches, heightened sexual arousal

36
  • REM Rebound Sleep
  • The less time we spend in REM sleep one night,
    the longer amount of time we will spend in REM
    sleep the next night

37
Beyond the first 90 minutes
  • Sleepers cycle between NREM and REM sleep
    throughout the night
  • Each cycle lasts about 90 minutes

38
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40
Just before and after REM sleep, you typically
change body positions
41
As the night progresses, Stages 3 and 4 get
shorter and REM sleep increases, up to 40 minutes
at a time
42
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44
Electroencephalagram (EEG)
  • Measures electrical activity in the brain
  • Visualized as brain waves

45
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46
Stages of Sleep Brain Waves
  • Awake brain generates Beta Waves
  • As you prepare for sleep, brain generates Alpha
    Waves
  • After you begin to sleep, the brain generates
    Theta Waves
  • The deepest parts of sleep are characterized by
    Delta Waves

47
Once you are in the simulation, check out slides
10 through 14 to figure out whats going on or
just jump right to slide 15 and enter the
experiment!
  • When is someone dreaming?
  • See if you can tell
  • Click on the weird dream to enter the experiment!

48
Sleep DYSFUNCTIONS
49
Sleep Disorders
  • Insomnia
  • A person is unable to fall asleep, to stay
    asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep.

50
Sleep Disorders
  • Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
  • Within the first 3 hours of sleep
  • The sleeper can move around objects, but poorly
    coordinated

51
Sleep Apnea
52
  • Carbon-dioxide builds up in the blood,
  • Causes a momentary awakening, during which the
    sleeper snorts or gulps for air
  • Person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep

53
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54
  • Narcolepsy
  • Characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and
    lapses into sleep throughout the day
  • Though narcoleptics can fall asleep at any time,
    arousals usually trigger sleep laughter, anger,
    surprise, sex
  • Narcoleptics instantly lose muscular control, and
    enter REM sleep. The dreams are often terrifying.

55
  • Night Terrors
  • Occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep,
    usually during Stage 4
  • Appearance of being terrified
  • Right back to sleep usually no memory of the
    event
  • Nightmares
  • Occur towards morning
  • During REM sleep

56
More Sleep Disorders
  • Sleep Bruxism
  • Enuresis
  • Bed Wetting

57
Sleep Deprivation
  • 8 hours is suggested for adults, but the typical
    adult sleeps less than 7 hours a night.
  • 9 hours is suggested for teens, but the typical
    teen sleeps about 6 hours a night.

58
Effects of Sleep Loss
  • Fatigue
  • Impaired concentration
  • Immune suppression
  • Irritability
  • Slowed performance
  • Accidents
  • planes autos and trucks

59
Dreams
  • 25 of a nights sleep spent dreaming (about 2
    hours) (6 yrs of your life)
  • Sleep Thinking much more common
  • Vague, uncreative thoughts about real-life events

60
Dreams
  • A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts
    passing through a sleeping persons mind.
  • Notable for their hallucinatory imagery,
    discontinuities, and delusions

61
Dreams
Dreams are unfolding episodes of mental images
(story-like)
62
5 Basic Characteristics
  • Intense Emotions
  • Content/organization are illogical
  • Bizarre sensations
  • Bizarre detail is accepted
  • Dream images are difficult to remember

63
Remembering Dreams
  • We dream every night but often dont remember.
  • We remember dreams that occur close to waking.

64
Sleep and Dreams
  • Lucid Dream recognizing that one is dreaming,
    enabling more control over the content and
    quality of the experience.

65
Dream Theory
  • Sigmund Freud (1900)
  • The Interpretation of Dreams
  • Wish fulfillment
  • Get rid of unacceptable feelings
  • Sex and Aggression

66
When is a cigar just a cigar?
  • Manifest Content the storyline events that
    occurred
  • Latent Content the interpretation of unconscious
    drives, wishes, and desires that created the
    dream (the symbolism)

67
Activation Synthesis
  • 1973- Allan Hobson Robert McCarley created
    another theory
  • Dreams are from neural activity that spreads
    upward from the brainstem.
  • Dreams are the brains attempt to make sense out
    of random neural static

68
Information Processing Memory Consolidation
  • Rebuilds neural connections
  • Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix the days
    experiences in our memory
  • IE. It was found that on average, student who get
    As and Bs sleep 25 minutes more a night than
    lower achieving students

69
Dream Interpretationhttp//www.myjellybean.com/as
trology/dream/e_dreams.htmhttp//www.dreammoods.
com/dreamdictionary/
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