States%20of%20Consciousness

1
States of Consciousness
2
What do you think?

• Write your definition of consciousness.
• Get with a partner and share

3
Consciousness

• Awareness of yourself and the environment.
• The experience of conscious behaviors can include
  thoughts, sensations, and memories

4

• Levels of Consciousness

5

• Consciousness current level of awareness
• Subconscious information out of awareness,
  memories arent easily accessible
• Unconscious information out of awareness, no
  actual memories may even exist, though behavior
  may be affected

6

• Nonconscious body processes that we are not
  aware of, but are active
• Preconscious information out of awareness, but
  memories are easily accessible

7

• Biological Rhythms - natural life cycles that
  help to guide our levels of awareness and our
  behaviors

8

• Annual Cycles Seasonal changes affecting moods,
  appetite, sleep patterns
• Twenty-Eight Day Cycle Female Menstrual Cycle
• Ninety-Minute Cycle Sleep Cycle
• Twenty-Four Hour Cycle Daily cycle of levels of
  alertness, hormones, body temperature, etc. also
  known as

9
Circadian Rhythms

• A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long.
  The cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and
  psychological processes.

10
Circadian Rhythms

• IE.
• Peak Mental Alertness at 900 AM and 900 PM
• Low Mental Alertness at 300 AM and 300 PM
• Peak Physical Strength at 1100 AM and 700 PM
• Peak Sensations at 300 AM and 600 PM
• Peak Sensitivity to Pain at 300 AM and 500 PM
• Peak Degrees of Sleepiness at 300 AM and 300 PM

11
(No Transcript)
12
The Sleep-Wake Cycle

• When decreased levels of light, the pineal gland
  releases melatonin, which causes sleepiness and
  reduced activity level
• When there are increased levels of light,
  melatonin levels decrease and conscious awareness
  level increase

13

• When there are increased levels of light,
  melatonin levels decrease and conscious awareness
  level increases

14
SLEEP !!!!!

• On average, humans sleep 22 years of their
  lifetime.

15
Why do we sleep?

• Restorative Theory of Sleep
• Sleep promotes physiological processes that
  restore and rejuvenate the body and the mind
• NREM bodily restoration and REM mind
  restoration

16
Theory of Sleep

• Adaptive theorysleep emerged in evolution to
  preserve energy and protect during the time of
  day when there is little value and considerable
  danger

17
Sleep

• There are 2 different types of sleep
• REM Sleep type of sleep during which rapid eye
  movements and dreaming occur and voluntary muscle
  activity is suppressed
• NREM Sleep quiet, typically dreamless sleep in
  which rapid eye movements are absent

18
Stages of Sleep Pre-Sleep

• Pre-Sleep
• As you transition from wakefulness to sleep
  (drowsy stage), you may experience some type of
  hypnagogic hallucinations and/or myoclonic jerks
• You may hear a loud crash, hear someone call your
  name, feel a sensation of floating, smell
  something burning, see a variety of colors
• Involuntary muscle spasms

19
four NREM sleep stages

• STAGE 1
• Transitional stage from wakefulness to sleep
• First 5-10 minutes of sleep
• Gradually disengage from the sensations of the
  surrounding world
• Still able to regain consciousness easily at this
  point
• Some hypnagogic experiences continue here

20
four NREM sleep stages

• Stage 2
• 15-20 minutes
• Breathing becomes rhythmical
• Some small muscle twitches
• Brain activity begins to slow down
• Sleep Spindles - Quick bursts of brain activity
  that last for a second or two

21
four NREM sleep stages

• Stages 3
• Transitional stage from 2 to 4

22
four NREM sleep stages

• Stages 4
• Heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing drop to
  their lowest levels

23
four NREM sleep stages

• by Stage 4
• Slow delta waves
• the sleeper is nearly oblivious to the outside
  world, and may take 15 minutes or more to regain
  consciousness from this level

24
four NREM sleep stages

• Stage 4
• It is possible to carry conversations, answer
  the phone, walk in this stage and never remember
  it
• Most sleeping disorders occur during this time

25
Stages of Sleep back again

• By the time a sleeper has reached Stage 4, they
  have been asleep for about 60 minutes total.
• After Stage 4 has been reached, the sleeper
  cycles back from Stage 3 to Stage 2 in a matter
  of minutes and enters REM Sleep.

26
(No Transcript)
27
Stages of Sleep

• REM Sleep
• The brain becomes more active and generates
  small, fast brain waves
• Visual and motor neurons fire during this stage,
  but voluntary muscle movements are suppressed
  (paralysis)

28

• REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
• recurring sleep stage
• vivid dreams
• paradoxical sleep
• muscles are generally relaxed, but other body
  systems are active

29
REM Sleep is often referred to as Paradoxical
Sleep because

• Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
  increase, muscles twitches, heightened sexual
  arousal
• The first REM stage lasts about 15 minutes the
  first sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes total

30

• REM Rebound Sleep
• The less time we spend in REM sleep one night,
  the longer amount of time we will spend in REM
  sleep the next night

31
Beyond the first 90 minutes

• Sleepers cycle between NREM and REM sleep
  throughout the night
• Each cycle lasts about 90 minutes

32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
Functions of Sleep

• Restoration theorybody wears out during the day
  and sleep is necessary to put it back in shape
• Adaptive theorysleep emerged in evolution to
  preserve energy and protect during the time of
  day when there is little value and considerable
  danger

35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
(No Transcript)
38
Individual Differences in Sleep Drive

• Some individuals need more and some less than the
  typical 8 hours per night
• Nonsomniacssleep far less than most but do not
  feel tired during the day
• Insomniacshave a normal desire for sleep but are
  unable to and feel tired during the day

39
Sleep dysfunctions
40
Sleep Disorders

• Insomnia
• A condition in which a person regularly
  experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay
  asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep.

41
Sleep Disorders

• Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
• Usually within the first three hours of sleep
• The sleeper typically has the ability to navigate
  around objects, albeit poorly coordinated and in
  a stiff, automatic manner

42
Sleep Apnea
43

• A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly
  stops breathing during sleep

• Carbon-dioxide builds up in the blood, causing a
  momentary awakening, during which the sleeper
  snorts or gulps for air

44

• Narcolepsy

• A sleep disorder characterized by excessive
  daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep
  throughout the day

• Though narcoleptics can fall asleep at any time,
  arousals usually trigger sleep laughter, anger,
  surprise, sex
• Narcoleptics instantly lose muscular control, and
  enter REM sleep. The dreams are often terrifying.

45

• Night Terrors
• occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep,
  usually during Stage 4
• high arousal- appearance of being terrified
• Right back to sleep usually no memory of the
  event
• Nightmares
• occur towards morning
• during REM sleep

46
Sleep Deprivation

• 8 hours is generally suggested for adults, but
  the typical adult sleeps less than 7 hours a
  night.
• 9 hours is generally suggested for teenager, but
  the typical teen sleeps only about 6 hours a
  night.

47

• Effects of Sleep Loss
• fatigue
• impaired concentration
• immune suppression
• irritability
• slowed performance
• Accidents
• planes autos and trucks

48
Dreams

• 25 of a nights sleep spent dreaming (about 2
  hours) (6 yrs of your life)
• Sleep Thinking much more common
• Vague, uncreative thoughts about real-life events

49
Sleep and Dreams

• Dreams are a sequence of images, emotions, and
  thoughts passing through a sleeping persons
  mind.

• Notable for their hallucinatory imagery,
  discontinuities, and delusions

50
Dreams are unfolding episodes of mental images
(story-like)
51
Dreams and REM Sleep

• What are true dreams for?
• Psychoanalytic interpretation
• Activation synthesis model

52
Activation Synthesis Model

• Brain activity during sleep produces dream images
  (activation) which are combined by the brain into
  a dream story (synthesis).
• Meaning is to be found by analyzing the way the
  dreamer makes sense of the progression of chaotic
  dream images.

53
Dreams

• 5 Basic Characteristics
• Emotions can be intense
• Content/organization are usually illogical
• Bizarre sensations
• Even bizarre detail is uncritically accepted
• Dream images are difficult to remember

54
Remembering Dreams

• We dream every night but often dont remember.
• We remember dreams that occur close to waking.

55
Sleep and Dreams

• A lucid dream is the act of consciously
  perceiving and recognizing that one is dreaming,
  enabling a more cogent ("lucid") control over the
  content and quality of the experience.

56
Dream Theory

• Sigmund Freud (1900)
• The Interpretation of Dreams
• wish fulfillment
• (disguised fulfillment of repressed wishes)
• discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
• Sex and Aggression

57
Sleep and Dreams When is a cigar just a cigar?

• The manifest content of a dream is the literal
  storyline and events that occurred
• The latent content of a dream is the
  interpretation of the unconscious drives, wishes,
  and desires that created the dream (the symbolism)