Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene 6th Edition

1
Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene6th Edition

• Part III Recognition of Hazards
• Chapter 6
• Industrial Toxicology
• Compiled by Allen Sullivan,
• Assistant Professor, Safety and Health
  ManagementCentral Washington University

2
Definitions

• Definitions
• toxic effect
• toxicity
• dose
• hazard
• route of entry (inhalation, dermal, ingestion)
• quantity of exposure (amount and duration)
• characteristics of substance (physical state,
  size, pH)
• physiological state (state of health,
  pre-existing conditions)
• environmental variables (presence of other
  substances)

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Route of Entry

• Inhalation
• upper respiratory tract
• lower respiratory tract
• Skin Absorption
• skin thickness
• temperature
• perspiration
• Ingestion
• Injection

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DoseResponse Relationship

• Dose C ? T K
• concentration (C)
• time duration (T)
• constant (K)
• Response
• threshold concept
• potency
• toxicity
• cumulative effects
• exposure thresholds
• NOAEL (No Observable Adverse Effect Level)
• LOAEL (Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level)

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Lethal Dose (LD)

• Lethal Dose
• bell-shaped Curve
• LD50
• LD0
• LD100
• usually mg/kg
• Lethal Concentration (LC)
• airborne
• usually mg/m3 or ppm
• Evaluation

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Timing Exposure and Effect

• Acute Effects and Acute Exposures
• rapid onset
• short duration
• rapid absorption
• Chronic Effects and Chronic Exposures
• slow to develop
• long duration and/or frequent recurrence

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Airborne Contaminant Exposure

• Irritants
• primary irritant
• secondary irritant
• Allergens
• hypersensitivity v. hypersusceptibility
• Systemic Toxins
• Asphyxiants
• simple asphyxiants
• chemical asphyxiants

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Airborne Contaminant Exposure (cont.)

• Organ-Specific Effects
• central nervous system depressants
• cardiac sensitization
• neurotoxic effects
• pulmonary effects
• particulates not otherwise specified (PNOS)
• heavy metals
• carcinogenesis
• carcinogen
• carcinogenic potential

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Airborne Contaminant Exposure (cont.)

• mutagenesis
• reproductive toxicity
• teratogenesis
• pregnant women in the workplace

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Basis for Workplace Standards

• Chemical Analogy
• Animal Experimentation
• exposure standards
• screening procedures
• problem areas
• In-vitro Testing
• Human Epidemiological Studies
• descriptive studies
• retrospective studies
• prospective studies

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Federal Regulations

• Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
  (OSHAct)
• right-to-know regulation
• permissible exposure limits (PELs)
• toxic substances list
• Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 (TSCA)
• NIOSH Standards
• criteria documents
• recommended exposure levels (RELs)
• current intelligence bulletins (CIBs)
• OSHA Standards

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American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH)

• Threshold Limit Values (TLV)
• limitations of TLVs (OELs)
• time-weighted average
• ceiling values
• STELs
• mixtures
• antagonistic
• potentiation (synergistic)
• carcinogens (carcinogenic potential)
• physical factors (judgment)
• unlisted substances
• Selection of TLVs (OELs)

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Biological Testing

• Biological Testing
• biological analysis
• body burden
• amount in circulation
• amount excreted
• benefits of biological analysis over air sampling
• types of biological analyses
• unchanged substances
• metabolites
• levels of naturally occurring substances
• urine, blood, and breath analyses