Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene 6th Edition

1
Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene6th Edition

• Chapter 8
• Particulate Matter
• Compiled by Allen Sullivan,
• Assistant Professor, Safety and Health
  ManagementCentral Washington University

2
Introduction

• Background
• historical notes
• route of entry
• labeling
• nuisance dusts
• PNOC
• PNOR
• nanoparticles
• pneumoconiosis

3
Basic Concepts and Examples

• Particle Deposition Mechanisms
• inertial impaction
• interception
• sedimentation
• electrostatic attraction
• diffusion
• Brownian movement

4
Particle Filtration Mechanisms

• Filter Types
• HEPA
• ULPA
• Electret
• (thermal rebound effect)

5
Particle Size Distributions

• Particle Size Distributions
• particle cloud
• particle size
• monodisperse
• polydisperse
• particle concentration
• particle count
• particle mass
• particle surface area

6
Determining Acceptable Exposure

• Critical Factors
• chemical composition
• isotopic composition
• crystalline structure
• shape of particle
• size of particle
• aerodynamic equivalent diameter
• dose
• exposure limits
• references
• time bases

7
Determining Acceptable Exposure (cont.)

• Critical Factors (cont.)
• pre-existing health/genetics
• concurrent exposure
• non-interactive
• additive
• synergistic

8
Biological Reactions

• Biological Reactions
• sensory irritation
• rapid, shallow breathing
• lung edema
• acute/chronic bronchitis
• allergic sensitization
• fibrosis
• emphysema
• systemic toxicity
• lymphatic toxicity
• oncogenesis
• infection
• metal fume fever

9
Engineered Nanoparticles

• Engineered Nanoparticles
• four characteristics
• chemical and physical behavior
• crossing anatomical barriers

Various forms of nano zinc oxide.
1 mg of particles of 1 nm3 has the same surface
area as 1 kg of particles of 1 mm3
10
Sampling Particulate Matter

• Sampling Particulate Matter
• air samples
• surface samples
• biological samples
• Types of Air Samples
• breathing zone sampling
• general air sampling
• Analysis of PM Samples
• microscopic counting
• respirable mass fraction

11
Specific PM Sampling

• Dual-Phase Monitoring
• Microbial
• Radon

12
Specific PM Sampling (cont.)

• Diesel Particulate Matter
• Engineered Nanoparticles
• Isokinetic Sampling

13
Specific PM Sampling (cont.)

• Surface Sampling
• dry swipe
• wet swipe
• vacuum collection
• lift tape
• direct-read instruments

14
Analysis of Air Samples

• Analysis of Air Samples
• Metals
• spectroscopic analysis
• Free-Crystalline Silica
• infrared spectrophotometry
• powder x-ray diffraction

15
Analysis of Air Samples (cont.)

• Asbestos
• issues
• non-specific
• resolution
• fiber counting
• fiber size

16
Analysis of Air Samples (cont.)

• Radioactive Particles
• scintillator
• Geiger-Mueller tube
• liquid scintillation
• Gravimetric Analysis
• methodology

17
Analysis of Air Samples (cont.)

• Microorganisms
• viability
• lack of specificity
• Organic Particles
• gas chromotography

18
Direct-Read Particle Detectors

• Direct-Read Particle Detectors
• sample collection device sample analysis device
• condensation nuclei counters