Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene 6th Edition

1
Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene6th Edition

• Chapter 7
• Gases, Vapors, and Solvents
• Compiled by Allen Sullivan,
• Assistant Professor, Safety and Health
  ManagementCentral Washington University

2
Introduction

• exposures
• solvents
• liquids and gases

3
Properties of Gases, Vapors, Solvents

• Gases
• Vapors
• vapor pressure
• Solvents
• volatility
• polarity
• hazards
• solubility
• dermal absorption
• inhalation
• aerosolized (solute exposure)

4
Critical Exposure Factors

• Mode of Use
• Temperature and Volatility
• boiling point
• pressure relationship
• functional group relationship

4 carbon BP 175F
3 carbon BP 133F
6 carbon BP 242F
5
Critical Exposure Factors (cont.)

• vapor pressure
• temperature relationship

6
Critical Exposure Factors (cont.)

• Concentration
• Reactivity
• Exposure Guidelines
• TLVs, PELs, and RELs (MAKs in Europe)
• TLVs v. PELs (private v. regulatory)

7
Solvents

• Organic Chemistry
• hydrocarbons
• aliphatic
• cyclic
• aromatic
• halogenated
• ketones, esters, alcohols, and ethers
• importance of nomenclature

8
Hazards

• Compressed Gases
• secure storage
• proper ventilation
• signage
• transportation (valve cap)
• protect from heat
• attention to reactivity (gases with regulator
  lines)
• Cryogenic Liquids
• extreme cold
• oxygen displacement/condensation
• pressure relief valves

9
Hazards (cont.)

• Combustion
• deflagration
• explosion
• detonation

10
Hazards (cont.)

• Flammability, Explosions, and Reactivity
• flash points
• open-cup v. closed-cup
• flammable/combustible liquids
• Class I
• Class II
• fire point
• flammable/explosive range
• LFL/LEL
• UFL/UEL

11
Toxicological Effects

• Site of Action
• Asphyxiation
• simple asphyxiants v. chemical asphyxiants
• Organic and Inorganic Gases
• asphyxiants
• acute toxins
• products of decomposition
• reactivity

12
Toxicological Effects (cont.)

• Inorganic Acids and Bases
• hydrogen fluoride (HF)
• Other Aqueous Systems
• prolonged exposure (e.g., dishpan hands)
• low vapor pressure
• Solvents and Solvent Vapors
• general effects
• low concentrations
• high concentrations
• very high concentrations
• specific effects

13
Physiological Effects

• Hydrocarbons
• aliphatic
• cyclic
• aromatic
• halogenated functional groups
• nitrohydrocarbons
• oxygen-containing functional groups
• alcohols
• aldehydes
• ketones
• esters
• ethers
• glycols

14
Air Pollution

• Air Pollution
• Clean Air Act
• Photochemical Smog

15
Air Pollution (cont.)

• Ozone Depletion

16
Air Pollution (cont.)

• Greenhouse Gases
• global warming

17
Evaluation of Hazards

• Evaluation Procedure
• toxicity of substance
• concentration in breathing zone
• manner of use
• length of exposure
• controls in place
• special susceptibilities

18
Control of Hazards

• Control of Hazards
• role of health and safety personnel
• process controls
• substitution
• aqueous systems
• engineering controls
• closed ventilation systems v. local exhaust
  systems
• personal protective equipment
• respirators (limitations)
• protective clothing and gloves (permeability,
  abrasion, cleaning)
• protective eyewear (unvented, indirect-vented,
  face shields)